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17O
Published in Guillaume Madelin, X-Nuclei Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2022
Oxygen is used in many industrial applications, of which only a few of them are mentioned below. Millions of tons of dioxygen O2 are produced annually for industrial purpose, where it can be used in gas welding, gas cutting, oxygen scarfing, flame cleaning, hardening, and straightening. Due to its reactivity, oxygen is also used in a wide variety of chemical production and applications, such as steel-making, metal-cutting and in medical treatment. Oxygen is used as a raw material in many oxidation processes for the production of ethylene oxide (used as an intermediate in the production of several industrial chemicals) and propylene oxide (used in the making of polyurethane plastics), for example. Oxygen can also be used to achieve complete combustion and destruction of waste materials in incinerators. The use of pure oxygen instead of air permits to increase the capacity in existing treatment plants for the biological treatment of waste water. Oxygen gas is frequently used in breathing apparatus for underwater work, refinery and chemical plant. Oxygenated water ensures that sufficient oxygen is present in ponds and tanks to allow more fish to be raised in aquaculture. Liquid oxygen is used in liquid-fueled rockets as the oxidizer for fuels such as hydrogen and liquid methane.
Tables and Guidelines for Laboratory Safety
Published in Thomas J. Bruno, Paris D.N. Svoronos, CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 2020
Thomas J. Bruno, Paris D.N. Svoronos
Since the boiling temperature of liquid nitrogen is below that of liquid oxygen, it is possible for oxygen to condense on any surface or vessel cooled by liquid nitrogen. Liquid oxygen is an oxidizer that can enhance the flammability characteristics of liquids and solids that it contacts. The liquid air that is seen dripping from lines transferring liquid nitrogen can be up to 50 % oxygen. If a blue tint is observed in a vessel being used with liquid nitrogen, the presence of liquid oxygen must be assumed. Additional hazards of liquid oxygen will be discussed below.
Characteristics of the Metal–Metal Oxide Reaction Matrix
Published in Anthony Peter Gordon Shaw, Thermitic Thermodynamics, 2020
At its normal boiling point of 90 K, liquid oxygen is a pale-blue paramagnetic fluid with a density of 1.14 g/cm3 [40]. Many metal oxides exhibit greater oxygen densities. For example, a crystal of Fe2O3 that occupies 1 cm3 contains 1.58 g of oxygen. Powdered Fe2O3 that is compressed to 73% of its theoretical maximum density contains just as much oxygen as liquid oxygen does, volumetrically.
Reviews of fuel cells and energy storage systems for unmanned undersea vehicles
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Jun Lu, Tian Tang, Chao Bai, Huizhong Gao, Junguang Wang, Cheng Li, Yuke Gao, Zhaoyuan Guo, Xiao Zong
Liquid oxygen (LOX) has a boiling point of about −183°C. Although this is higher than hydrogen boiling point, liquid oxygen still needs to be stored in cryogenic dewars. Due to natural evaporation, a relief valve is also required for pressure control. The working pressure of LOX tank is usually designated at 1.4 MPa (Zhu and Wang 2015).