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Biomass
Published in Roy L. Nersesian, Energy Economics, 2016
Filling stations have pumps for gasoline, ethanol, or ethanol-blend (gasohol). Motorists can choose what makes best sense for them, which means that the competitive price of pure ethanol must be at a 30 percent discount from gasoline to reflect its lower energy content. Automobile drivers can play the arbitrage game as the price of gasoline changes with respect to the price of crude oil and ethanol with respect to the price of sugar. Most ethanol distilleries are part of sugar mill complexes, and their owners can also play the arbitrage game between shifting prices for ethanol and sugar by the portion of sugar sold as sugar or ethanol. Advocates of bioethanol in the US point out that it would be necessary to copy the Brazilian model of having most gasoline stations offering both ethanol (E85) and gasoline and for auto manufacturers to produce mostly flex fuel cars before bioethanol can play a significant role as a substitute for gasoline.
Insights into the potential mechanism underlying liver dysfunction in male albino rat exposed to gasoline fumes
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Folarin Owagboriaye, Sulaimon Aina, Rasheed Oladunjoye, Titilola Salisu, Adedamola Adenekan, Gabriel Dedeke
Of all the possible routes and pathways (including dermal contact, sniffing) through which an individual can be exposed to gasoline fumes, occupational inhalation exposure during automobile refueling at the filling station, refining process and bulk transfer serve as the principal exposure routes of gasoline fumes to humans [3]. Exposure to BTEX has been shown to increase workers’ likelihood of increased petroleum product-related health risks [4,5]. The normal physiologic and immune responses have been reported to be modulated by BTEX components [6], and exposure may lead to hepatic dysfunction [7,8].
Comparison of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in modelling of waste coconut oil ethyl esters production
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Olusegun David Samuel, Modestus O. Okwu
Procurement of CNO was made from Ifo market, Ogun State, Nigeria for ethanolysis process and ethanol of 99% purity and catalyst (KOH) were used as alcohol and an alkali catalyst used were analytical grade and the conventional diesel was purchased from Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation filling station, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
Tailoring electrospun nanofibrous materials for oil/water emulsion separation
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Jichao Zhang, Lifang Liu, Yang Si, Shichao Zhang, Jianyong Yu
Recently, electrospinning has become a robust method to prepare excellent separation materials. Benefiting from the controllable wettability, interconnected structure, and high porosity, the nanofibrous materials have been superior candidates in oil/water emulsion separation. Although great advancement is made, there are still some difficult challenges to overcome.Will the nanomaterials perform well in the real environments, such as fuel oil in filling station and oily water in the kitchen drain? The emulsions utilized for separation experiment are almost all simulative emulsions prepared in laboratory, which were unable to exactly represent the actual emulsions, because any of the difference in the emulsion properties, such as droplet size and emulsification degree, could impact the separation performance.The rough artificial structure on the nanofibers is easy to be destroyed under mechanical, chemical, and other conditions, which could deteriorate the selective wettability. And the leaked nanocrystals in separation process could cause second pollution. Thereby, new approaches for the construction of a robust rough structure on nanofibers are highly desirable, which is significantly important in ensuring a long membrane life.Till now, the emulsion filtration systems have been mainly built on the basis of dead-end model, thus the separation involved two necessary procedures: (i) emulsion collection and (ii) pouring emulsion onto the filtration materials. And these devices inevitably result in a discontinuity separation process and high labor costs. Therefore, some novel and practical filtration devices should be well designed and constructed to push the separation from laboratory scale to industrial scale.Finally, it is still necessary to investigate the emulsion separation process. For example, researchers need to deeply study the interactions between oil, water, surfactants, and fiber surfaces, which will guide the rational design of electrospun materials with desired performance.