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Modular Systems in Oil Industry
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Modular Systems for Energy and Fuel Recovery and Conversion, 2019
When one resource is depleted, the modular process may be disassembled and transported to a different remote resource, and subsequently reassembled at a different remote resource in the same manner. The process comprises several transportable modules selected from the following group of modules [32]: Oil and water separation modules.Flash cooling of produced water rather than the convention.Vapor recovery unit (VRU) ejector and fuel gas system modules.Compact evaporator with an external demister or other evaporators available on the market and modified where necessary.Cooling system modules (e.g., glycol cooling system).Boiler feed water supply and chemical addition.Boiler modules.Power generation modules.
Exposure to benzene and toluene of gasoline station workers in Khon Kaen, Thailand and adverse effects
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2021
Sunisa Chaiklieng, Pornnapa Suggaravetsiri, Norbert Kaminski, Herman Autrup
Regarding the magnitude of adverse health effects, in this study of health risk assessment and risk factors that had been estimated based on chronic inhalation, unacceptable hazard index values were found significantly in refueling functions and were location dependent. Since there was detection of hippuric acid and significantly adverse symptoms in the workers with detected tt-MA, it was expected that the detected tt-MA levels and adverse symptoms could be explained by the co-exposure to toluene in this study. In addition to toluene exposure, the hazard index was also able to significantly represent adverse effects of co-exposure to benzene and toluene, which could be confirmed among workers who had occupational exposure to benzene above 50 ppb, or 50% of the NIOSH-REL (2016), or 10% of the ACGIH-TLV (2019), which is similar to the 10% OEL of the Thai labor regulations, for the awareness and the measurement of Thai gasoline station workers. As expected, the recommendations for preventing exposure among gasoline station workers, such as reducing working hours to 40 hours per week, decreased benzene exposures in Sri Lanka (Scheepers et al. 2019), as did controlling the use of the vapor recovery system (VRS) at the fuel dispenser as well as at the fuel storage tank, as suggested from the previous findings (Chaiklieng 2020). However, the limitation of this study is that experience of symptoms was reported by the workers through self-assessment, so the next study should be confirmed by the occupational physician for health screening in the health surveillance program for exposure to benzene and toluene. In addition, subjective symptoms and frequency of symptoms should be considered for health assessment.