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Functions of Glycerine in Cosmetics
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
Since 1949, glycerine has been widely known as a protective substance for the freezing and thawing of mammalian cells. Together with dimethyl sulfoxide, it is a key ingredient in frozen cell banking and cryobiology research [93]. A tabular summary of much of the work done in this field, along with summaries of optimum procedures and proposed further research are found in Aggarwal et al. [94]. If viable tissue is frozen quickly the formation of intracellular ice will kill it. If frozen too slowly, on the other hand, the formation of extracellular ice is considered more significant, as the free electrolyte concentration is concurrently elevated and osmotic distortion and death of the cell results. Properly used, cryoprotective agents act both as an antifreeze and to reduce osmotic stresses. Much of the technology in this area, therefore centers around the proper concentrations and use of the glycerine (or dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO), as well as optimizing the cooling and heating sequences. It might be noted that inspite of the apparent irony of having a noted skin penetrant (DMSO), and a noted nonpenetrant (glycerine) as the two useful agents, cry-opreservation does not rely on penetration through the stratum corneum, but through nonbarrier tissues such as the dermis. Nevertheless, as has been pointed out, given that glycerine needs to enter the cell, sufficient pretreatment time must be allowed, as it does penetrate slowly [95].
Selected Papers from the Joint 18th International Heat Pipe Conference and the 12th International Heat Pipe Symposium
Published in Heat Transfer Engineering, 2019
Minsung Kim, Marcia Barbosa Henriques Mantelli
Pulsating heat pipe (PHP) is discussed in the first three papers of this special issue. In the paper titled “Experimental study on a hydrogen closed loop pulsating heat pipe with different adiabatic lengths” by Gan et al., a hydrogen PHP is discussed for the application on low temperature heat transfer for superconducting magnets and cryobiology. The authors experimentally showed that the hydrogen PHP can be an effective measure to transport heat over a long distance in cryogenic application.