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Bioprinting-enabled technologies for cryopreservation
Published in Ali Khademhosseini, Gulden Camci-Unal, 3D Bioprinting in Regenerative Engineering, 2018
Fariba Ghaderinezhad, Reza Amin, Savas Tasoglu
Cryopreservation is a storage method for preserving the cells, aggregates, tissues, and organs for an extended period of time in a frozen state. The biological samples are kept at a low temperature while still maintaining their genetic characteristics and functional properties, such as proliferation and differentiation. The cryopreservation process follows four steps, including: (1) cryoprotectant (CPA) loading, (2) freezing, (3) thawing, and (4) CPA unloading (Shi et al. 2015, Tsai and Lin 2012, Medeiros et al. 2002, Day and Stacey 2007, Zhang et al. 2011, Yong et al. 2015, Demirci and Montesano 2007). The importance and effectiveness of cryopreservation depends on its application, as well as the type of the cells and tissues, which are going to be preserved. The main role of this technique is to prevent the need to have all cell lines in culture at all times by storing stocks of the cells, especially for such cells, which have a limited life time. Cryopreservation aims to diminish consumable costs, the risk of microbial and cross contamination, as well as the risk of genetic drift and morphological changes.
Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Cryopreservation or cryoconservation is a process where cells, whole tissues, or any other substances susceptible to damage caused by chemical reactivity or time are preserved by cooling to sub-zero temperatures.
Cryopreservation of macroalgae
Published in Bénédicte Charrier, Thomas Wichard, C.R.K. Reddy, Protocols for Macroalgae Research, 2018
Cryopreservation is most usually considered to be the storage of living cells at ultra-low cryogenic temperatures, most commonly in liquid, or vapor phase, liquid nitrogen (–196°C), and it has achieved a status of routine and confident application for many organisms (Fuller et al. 2004). However, in the vast majority of cases, purely plunging samples straight into liquid nitrogen will result in total disruption of cellular and intracellular architecture and function. Therefore, methodologies have been developed, which reduce or prevent cryoinjury; these can be categorized under two main approaches: (1) traditional controlled cooling-rate freezing and (2) vitrification (Figure 4.1).
3D bioprinting in orthopedics translational research
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
XuanQi Zheng, JinFeng Huang, JiaLiang Lin, DeJun Yang, TianZhen Xu, Dong Chen, Xingjie Zan, AiMin Wu
With the development of materials science, people need new printing processes to match emerging newly-invented materials, and this demand is becoming increasingly urgent. In response to these situations, researchers have made improvements in different aspects, some have modified the software design to make it more digital, some have changed the mechanical equipment to make it more efficient, and others have combined new technologies in traditional processes. In addition to the development of image-based design pipelines, parametric and non-parametric designs, metamaterials, rational and computationally enabled design, topology optimization, and bio-inspired design may help us improve printing technology [42, 43]. For example, Ahsan et al propose a topology-based scaffold design methodology to accurately represent the heterogeneous internal architecture of tissues/organs. An image analysis technique is used to digitize the topology information that is contained in medical images of tissues/organs [44]. Apart from this, Lee et al. developed an innovative cell printing process supplemented with a microfluidic channel, a core/shell nozzle, and a low temperature working stage to obtain a cell-laden 3D porous collagen scaffold for cryopreservation [45]. Young et al. created an innovative cell printing method assisted by a piezoelectric transducer (PZT), which can lower the shear viscosity of the bioink via micro-scale vibration, to enhance the printing efficiency and cell viability [46]. Yeo et al. also combines a conventional extrusion-based cell-printing process with an electrohydrodynamic jet to stabilized the extruded struts of the cell-embedding hydrogel and reduced the damage to dispensed cells that is caused by the high wall shear stress in the dispensing nozzle [47].