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Terms and Definitions
Published in Rick Houghton, William Bennett, Emergency Characterization of Unknown Materials, 2020
Rick Houghton, William Bennett
Melting point is the temperature at which a solid melts to a liquid. Freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid solidifies. Both terms indicate the same temperature for a material. Melting and freezing points assume standard pressure of 1 atmosphere, unless otherwise noted.
Water/Wastewater Conveyance
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, 2020
Several temperature scales have been developed to provide a standard for indicating the temperatures of substances. The most commonly used scales include the Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin, and Rankine temperature scales. The Celsius scale is also called the centigrade scale. The Fahrenheit (ºF) and Celsius (ºC) scales are based on the freezing point and boiling point of water. The freezing point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes its physical state from a liquid to a solid. The boiling point is the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid state to a gaseous state.
Applying the Theories and Measures of Situation Awareness to the Rail Industry
Published in Chris Bearman, Anjum Naweed, Jillian Dorrian, Janette Rose, Drew Dawson, Evaluation of Rail Technology, 2017
Janette Rose, Chris Bearman, Anne Maddock
Some concern has been raised about the obtrusiveness of freezing simulations to administer questionnaires and the effect it may have on performance (Sarter and Woods, 1991, 1995). However, numerous studies have found that freezing does not affect performance (e.g. Endsley, 1995a; Endsley, 2000). Research by Endsley (1995a) and Gugerty (1997) has addressed concerns about the effect of memory on probe-recall measures of situation awareness such as SAGAT, and found that these measures are not hindered by retrospective recall or constraints of implicit memory, thereby further supporting the construct validity of SAGAT. SAGAT has also been found to have predictive validity in a study of fighter pilot performance in a combat simulation (Endsley, 1990).
Recent Developments in the Thermal Performance of Flat Plate Solar Water Heaters with Reflectors-A Review
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Yogesh Kumar, Manoj Verma, Harish Kumar Ghritlahre, Priyanka Verma
Indirect heating system: An indirect type heating system is defined as one in which the heating medium (hydrocarbon oil, nanofluid, etc.) is heated and heat is transferred through the heat exchanger. Working fluid is circulated between the SC and the storage tank in this sort of water heating system, which necessitates the use of pumps. Antifreeze solutions can be used as a circulating fluid to give freezing protection. This antifreeze heat transfer fluid is put in a closed-loop as it passes from the SC to the heat exchanger, however major difficulty with this method of heating system is heat energy loss due to convection in the heat exchanging tank (Buker and Riffat 2016). As illustrated in Figure 3, these SWHS systems are further classified into two types: passive systems and active systems (Patel, Patel, and Patel 2012). Both active and passive methods may be also divided into two groups: open and closed-loop in active systems, and thermosiphon and ICS in passive systems.
Model-based design of secondary drying using in-line near-infrared spectroscopy data
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Serena Bobba, Nunzio Zinfollino, Davide Fissore
A freeze-drying cycle is basically made up of by three steps. First, during the freezing, the product temperature is lowered and most of the liquid solvent (generally water) is turned into ice, except for a fraction of water that remains incorporated in the product. Following, in the primary drying step, the product temperature is maintained low, and the chamber pressure is decreased to allow the sublimation of ice crystals. As the water content at the end of primary drying is usually too high, because of the unfrozen water that cannot sublimate, secondary drying, the last step, is performed. Temperature is increased while pressure is kept at low values, and the desorption of the unfrozen water from the product occurs as the aim is achieving the target residual moisture (RM), which may be even lower than 1%.[3]
Prediction of Heat Transfer in Reciprocating Antifreeze Flow Through a Porous Filter
Published in Heat Transfer Engineering, 2021
In most thermal applications, a mixture of water and monoethylene glycol, called antifreeze, is used to achieve freezing-point depression for cold environments [29]. It can also be employed to achieve boiling-point elevation (anti-boil) to allow higher coolant temperature. Water- ethylene monoethylene glycol solution is employed in thermal applications such as cooling systems, heat exchangers, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, processors, electronics equipment, automotive engines-radiators, deicer liquid in airports [30], solar collectors and high power transformers for cooling or heating proposes [31]. However, this mixture shows lower thermal conductivity compared to that of pure water [32–34]. As a solution to the limited thermal conductivity of the water-monoethylene glycol (which has other synonyms of 1, 2-ethanediol, glycol or ethylene glycol) solution, the motivation of the present study is to investigate single-phase heat transfer of monoethylene glycol in a moderate thermal conductivity porous filter where the experimental test section is annular. This study reports research on the heat transfer from a surface heated with constant heat flux to an oscillating vertical annular monoethylene glycol column. The displacement amplitude and the thermo-physical – material properties of filter is assumed to be constant for all the cases considered. In the experiments, the heated surface temperature is varied as a result of the amount of electrical power supplied. This investigation enables a precise calculation of the heat transfer rates of heat exchangers and piston-cylinder devices.