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Intelligent Sensor Systems
Published in David C. Swanson, ®, 2011
Currently, most machinery maintenance is done based on a recommended schedule by the manufacturer. For example, automobile engine oil is changed every 3000 miles or 3 months, whichever comes first. But what if you did not drive the car for 3 months? Is the oil not perfectly good? Is it not unnecessary to replace the oil filter? Of course it is! But if the oil is really old there are oil compounds which will chemically break down causing sludge and corrosion, so it is not just the miles driven. Yet time-based maintenance is quite common because it is very easy to implement and plan around. However, some machinery is so complex and delicate that every time a maintenance action is done there is a significant chance of damaging some component. The old proverb “if it’s not broken, don’t try to fix it …” carries a great deal of weight with mechanical systems because doing too much maintenance generally leads to more damage and repairs resulting from the original maintenance action. One way an equipment owner can save on maintenance costs is to simply not do it. Obviously, this looks pretty good for a while until the whole plant infrastructure falls apart. Some plant managers have managed to get promoted because of their “maintenance efficiency” before their lack of maintenance causes a complete shutdown while others are not so lucky. A plant shutdown in big industry such as hydrocarbon production, refining, food production, textiles, and so on, can amount to enormous losses per day and an unplanned, if not catastrophic, equipment failure can lead to many days of shutdown. This is because these industries operate on huge volumes of commodity product with small profit margins. Therefore, a $1 loss of profit may be equivalent to a $100 loss in sales. If the gross production volume falls below a break-even point, they are out of business very quickly.
Experimental investigation on effects of karanja biodiesel (B100) on performance, combustion, and regulated and GHG emissions characteristics of an automotive diesel engine
Published in Biofuels, 2020
Ashok Kumar, K. A. Subramanian
Sinha et al. [6] conducted experiments on a multi-cylinder automotive engine fuelled with biodiesel at different speed and load conditions, and found an advancement in the start of combustion, and higher combustion duration, with biodiesel fuel and its blends than with diesel fuel. Lahane et al. [2] reported that the combustion duration is higher with biodiesel fuel because its calorific value (42,600 kJ/kg) is less than that of diesel fuel (44,050 kJ/kg). Due to the lower calorific value, the fuel flow rate needs to be increased in order to maintain the same power output with biodiesel, but this may lead to an increase in combustion duration.
Waste to energy conversion: Pyrolytic oil and biodiesel as a renewable fuel blends on diesel engine combustion, performance, and emissions
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2022
Halil İbrahim Sönmez, Fatih Okumuş, Cenk Kaya, Zafer Aydin, Aykut Safa, Görkem Kökkülünk
Until a decade ago, the annual waste tire rate was more than 5 million tons. Considering that the empty volume ratio of the waste tire is 75%, it is understood that a debris is left in the environment both in terms of landfill space and pollution (Zhang et al. 2021). The fuel obtained from the pyrolysis of waste vehicle tires was mixed with diesel oil at various ratios, between 5% and 75%. In addition, in the experiments were carried out in pure diesel fuel, the low pyrolytic insulation ratios did not require engine modification, but the emissions increased at high blend ratios (İlkılıç and Aydın 2011). Karagöz et al. made energy, exergy, and cost analyses using the results from experiments done blending pyrolytic oil and diesel fuel at 10%, 30%, and 50% ratios. Compared to pure diesel, taken as a reference, 10% pyrolytic oil and diesel blend has indicated better performance in terms of energy and exergy efficiency (Karagoz et al. 2020). Similarly, the results of using waste tire pyrolysis oil and diesel fuel blends were compared, and it was observed that the results were close in regard to torque and power output (Hürdoğan et al. 2017). Martinez et al. used waste tire fuel and diesel fuel comparatively in a turbocharged automotive engine, instead of a single cylinder test engine. According to experimental results, they determined that the catalyst effect to the exhaust emissions was reduced for sulfur based emissions (Martínez et al. 2014). Shahir et al. tested the pyrolytic fuel and diesel fuel blends, prepared in different ratios, and determined that the thermal efficiencies were higher than using neat diesel fuel. It is also emphasized that utilization of pyrolytic fuel is essential in crowded populations due to the high amount of waste (Shahir et al. 2020). In another study, Uyumaz et al. produced pyrolytic oil for engine tests and investigated engine performance at 2200 rpm, corresponding to the maximum torque value for the diesel engine, and at various loads. Ahmet et al. reported that the waste tire oil fuel increased engine thermal efficiency, while indicating mean effective pressure (IMEP) was lower due to low calorific value of fuel (Uyumaz et al. 2019).