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New Techniques to Produce Functional Materials: Chemical Vapour Deposition
Published in Shintaro Furusaki, John Garside, L.S. Fan, The Expanding World of Chemical Engineering, 2019
There is another important aspect to PPCVD; it is a technique that can be used to produce ultrafine particles and these can be thought of as another type of new material with particular applications in the production of new ceramic materials. Traditional production of ceramics involves a series of processing steps including powder formation and sintering which have been used to produce pottery for thousands of years. In the age of new ceramics such processes give rise to severe problems because high temperature-resistant materials are difficult to sinter. High temperature durability is linked to strong chemical bonding between atoms and the diffusion rate in the solid is small. Since sintering proceeds by the diffusion of atoms to cause surface disappearance and volume shrinkage, solids of low diffusivity are hard to sinter.
Ceramic Biomaterials
Published in Joseph D. Bronzino, Donald R. Peterson, Biomedical Engineering Fundamentals, 2019
Ceramics in the form of pottery have been used by humans for thousands of years. Until recently, their use was somewhat limited because of their inherent brittleness, susceptibility to notches or microcracks, low tensile strength, and low impact strength. However, in the past 100 years, innovative techniques for fabricating ceramics have led to their use as “high-tech” materials. In recent years, humans have realized that ceramics and their composites can also be used to augment or replace various parts of the body, particularly bone. us, the ceramics used for the latter purposes are classied as bioceramics. eir relative inertness to the body uids, high compressive strength, and esthetically pleasing appearance led to the use of ceramics in dentistry as dental crowns. Some carbons have found use as implants
Ceramic and glass technology
Published in Jill L. Baker, Technology of the Ancient Near East, 2018
Exterior and interior surface decoration on pottery consisted of slip, pigment, glaze, paint, or wash. Slip was the less solid form of clay that was suspended in water as a result of slaking. It could be similar in color to the clay or pigmented. It was applied to a vessel by wiping, dipping, or pouring prior to firing. Pigments could be added to slips or used as paint on the surface of a vessel when relatively dry. Pigments were made from minerals or ores and did not fade or degrade. Applying a pigment to a dry or nearly dry vessel, prior to firing, resulted in cleaner lines and less bleeding. Glazing is a kind of glass-like surface treatment that fuses to the surface of the pottery. The glazing melts and fuses to the vessel at ca. 900 to 1450º C. Glazing is not only aesthetically pleasing but it also makes the vessel waterproof, resistant to acids and alkalis, and makes it easy to clean. There are numerous types of glazes including lead, salt, alkaline, and lime-feldspar (Rye 1981). Recently, the thick red slip on Roman cookware known as “Cumanae testae” and “Cumanae patellae,” meaning pans from the city of Cumae, from the first centuries bce and ce, has been discovered to act as a non-stick coating (Griffiths 2016).
Application of silica opals to ceramic pottery
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2020
Pottery is one of the oldest human inventions. It is made by forming a ceramic green body into an object of the desired shape and subsequently sintering it at high temperature. The green body is usually sintered at above 600°C to enhance such properties as strength and toughness by densification of the ceramic particles and to achieve the performance characteristics required in use [24]. Pigments are used for painting. It is often applied to the pottery after it has been sintered once and may then be overlaid with glazes afterward. The materials used for pottery must have thermal stability in addition to high mechanical properties, and organic materials are therefore inappropriate. It is noted, however, that the majority of studies on artificial opals have focused on the use of polymer colloids. In the previous paper (Fukazawa and Jin [22]), which is the only paper demonstrating the application of artificial opal to pottery as far as we know, an organic polymer was used as the artificial opal. One of the reasons for this may be the ease of controlling the diameters of the polymer colloids in sizes in the submicron range compared with silica [25]. Of course, there is no doubt that silica has attracted a great deal of interest for a long time, as it is one of the most abundant families of materials obtainable with highly inert chemical behavior. Based on this background, we found it an attractive challenge to construct silica opals producing structural colors on pottery.
An experimental analysis for clay bricks manufacturing with partial replacement of glass wool
Published in Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, 2023
Yashwanth Pamu, Prasanna SVSNDL
It is one of natural soil material and it has clay minerals. The clays are developed from the plasticity when it is in wet condition. Upon drying or firing, it becomes brittle, hard and non-plastic because the molecular film of water surrounds the particles of clay. Pure clay minerals are usually white or light in colour; however, natural clays can have a variety of colours due to impurities, like reddish or brown due to trace levels of iron oxide (Hernández-Zaragoza et al. 2013). They are old ceramic materials. The pre-historic humans exposed valuable properties of clay and it is used for constructing pottery. Figure 4 displays clay.
Sustainable ceramics derived from solid wastes: a review
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2020
“Ceramic” is a Greek word, earlier it was expressed as clay-based wares, i.e., “pottery”. Nowadays, ceramic has the more roomy meaning as inorganic, nonmetallic or metalloid solid compounds that are predominantly bonded with a mixed type of bonding (both ionic and covalent bonds), and now pottery is just a part of the ceramic world. Richerson (2000) [1] has explained the term ceramic as “most solid materials that aren’t metal, plastic, or derived from plants or animals.” Ceramics have some unique characteristics, which are not offered by the metals or other solids, including a high melting point, good chemical inertness, brittleness, high-temperature stability, heat and electrical insulation ability [2]. Therefore, ceramics have a huge range of applications in modern society and expect the demand for ceramics will be more strongly increased in the near future. In a very broad term, ceramics are used in modern day-to-day life as bricks, glass, tiles, tablewares, sanitarywares, space, cars, abrasives, biomedical (artificial bones and teeth), and electrical or electronic devices applications [3]. In all these ceramic products are mostly manufactured by the consuming of the massive amount of raw materials from nature. The oldest and most used raw material of ceramic is natural clay. Generally, the pottery is made by the conjunction of raw materials like clay, silica, and a certain amount of alkali-bearing materials (feldspar) as fluxes. The refractory industries are used the source of alumina, magnesite, chrome, dolomite, zircon, quartz, and little or no clay as raw materials according to the specialized refractory. Recently, a wide variety of ceramic materials have been developed for different advanced fields like electrical or electronics, nuclear power, and structural engineering. For example various nitrides or carbides for heating elements; abrasives and engineering construction materials; zirconia, beryllia, and thoria for advanced refractory; rutile for ferroelectric materials and uranium oxide as a nuclear fuel element application [4,5]. The huge intakes of natural ingredients by the ceramic industries created a shortage of these natural resources and affected the ecosystem. Therefore, researchers are trying to find a substitute for natural ingredients for ceramics.