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Ceramic materials
Published in Arthur Lyons, Materials for Architects and Builders, 2019
Stoneware is manufactured from secondary plastic clays, typically fireclays blended with an added flux such as feldspar. On firing to between 1200°C and 1300°C, the material vitrifies, producing an impermeable ceramic product with high chemical resistance. The majority of unglazed vitrified clay pipes are stoneware. For most purposes, push-fit polypropylene couplings are used, which allow flexibility to accommodate ground movement; however, if required, traditional jointed socket/spigot drainage goods are also available in stoneware.
Clay 3D printing as a bio-design research tool: development of photosynthetic living building components
Published in Architectural Science Review, 2022
Assia Crawford, Pichaya In-na, Gary Caldwell, Rachel Armstrong, Ben Bridgens
The methods utilized in this paper are based on existing protocols used to develop algae-based biocomposites (In-na et al. 2020; Stefanova, Bridgens, Armstrong, et al. 2020; Stefanova et al. 2021). The bio-gel matrices incorporate the use of kappa carrageenan, a hydrocolloid polymer extracted from red seaweeds and a clay-based paint binder (Auro 331) (McHugh 2003; Auro n.d.). The study was split into six parts: (a) kappa carrageenan and Auro binder-based matrices applied to (b) a range of wall thickness ceramic components (hereafter referred to as vessels) fired at (c) 1200°C, compared with a firing temperature of 1000°C, (d) four different clay types (157-1142 White Special Stoneware, Porcelain and Stoneware ES65 and White Fleck) fired at fired at 1000°C with two wall layers along with (e) two matrix types and (f) multiple internal chamber subdivisions (0% infill, 15% rectilinear infill, 25% aligned rectilinear infill, 25% cubic infill) fired at fired at 1000°C with two wall layers, using 157-1142 White Special Stoneware coated in both matrix types for comparison.
Effect of functional unit and processing types on carbon footprint and specific energy consumption assessment of Thailand tableware products
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
Phairat Usubharatana, Harnpon Phungrassami
This is in comparison to Quinteiro et al. (2012b), who reported that the production process represented 88% of the total carbon footprint for ornamental earthenware ceramics. It is not surprising that the manufacturing process generated the highest global warming potential (GWP) impact, as reported in many research studies. For example, the GWP of ceramic products came from the manufacturing phase (Sangwan, Choudhary, and Batra 2018; Souza et al. 2016; Almeida et al. 2016). Giudice et al. (2017) studied the climate change impact of ornamental ceramic plates and found that the value was 1.26 kg CO2eq/kg. Meanwhile, Quinteiro et al. (2012b) revealed that the value was 2.93 kg CO2eq/kg. Chuenwong, Sajjakulnukit, and Chiarakorn (2019) evaluated the average CO2 intensity in the production of ceramic tableware in Thailand, which was found to be 1.75 kg CO2eq/kg and 1.24 ± 0.29 kg CO2eq/kg for small-scale industry (Chuenwong, Chiarakorn, and Sajjakulnukit 2017). It should be noted that such research in Thailand only considered direct GHG emissions; it did not include indirect GHG emissions in the upstream and downstream stages. However, the difference in the results is not only because of different system boundaries, but also because of raw material mixtures. Moreover, different types of tableware ceramics cause different operating conditions. There are three types of tableware ceramics including earthenware (firing temperature about 900‒1,100 °C), stoneware (firing temperature about 1,100‒1,300 °C) and porcelain (firing temperature about 1,260‒1,400 °C).
Evaluation of the sintering properties of pottery bodies using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2018
Seiji Niijima, Masashi Shoyama, Kazumi Murakami, Kodo Kawase
The semi-porcelain body (usually fired at 1150–1200°C) classified as pottery, the Banko-Kyusu body (usually fired at 1150–1200°C) classified as stoneware, and the low-temperature-sintering porcelain (usually fired at 1100–1200°C) classified as porcelain, which are all commercially available, were used as pottery bodies in this study. Table 1 shows the chemical compositions of these pottery bodies. Powders of each pottery body were placed in a steel die and uniaxially pressed at 30 MPa into a disc having a diameter of 25 mm and a thickness of 3 mm. The resulting green compacts were fired at 800–1400°C in an electric furnace in an air atmosphere. The samples were heated to the target temperature at a heating rate of 1 °C/min and maintained at the target temperature for 1 h, followed by natural cooling to room temperature within the electric furnace. The obtained samples were shaped into plates having dimensions of 10 × 10 × 2 mm3 for measurement.