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Manufacturing Excellence in Ceramic Industry
Published in Debasish Sarkar, Ceramic Processing, 2019
Mithugopal Mandal, Debasish Sarkar
Still, the ceramics industry is undoubtedly one of the most ancient industries. Clay was the first raw material used to manufacture ceramicware that is predominantly known as earthenware. Subsequently applying heat and adding new substances to increase the strength of the body have been a major change in the manufacturing process. Clay-based fired pottery has benefited human life, starting with storage and preservation or transportation of solid and liquid materials from one place to another. It was around 9000–10000 BC when clay pottery (Figure 1.2) took its position in day-to-day human life.
Ceramic materials
Published in Arthur Lyons, Materials for Architects and Builders, 2019
Earthenware is produced from a mixture of kaolin, ball clay and flint, with, in some cases, feldspar as a flux. The material, when fired at 1100°C, is porous and requires a glaze to prevent water absorption. In the manufacture of traditional glazed drainage goods, the salt glaze is produced by adding damp common salt to the kiln during the firing process. The salt decomposes to form sodium oxide, which then reacts with silica and alumina on the surface of the clay component to produce the salt glaze, which is impermeable to moisture.
History of Ceramics
Published in David W. Richerson, William E. Lee, Modern Ceramic Engineering, 2018
David W. Richerson, William E. Lee
This first human-made ceramic was a big improvement over dried clay because it did not fall apart in the rain. It had the characteristics of soft stone, but could be molded to a complex shape rather than the tedious process of carving a shape from stone. We now refer to clay fired at low to moderate temperature as “earthenware.” Despite its ancient origins, earthenware is still made today in nearly every corner of the world.
Effect of functional unit and processing types on carbon footprint and specific energy consumption assessment of Thailand tableware products
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
Phairat Usubharatana, Harnpon Phungrassami
This is in comparison to Quinteiro et al. (2012b), who reported that the production process represented 88% of the total carbon footprint for ornamental earthenware ceramics. It is not surprising that the manufacturing process generated the highest global warming potential (GWP) impact, as reported in many research studies. For example, the GWP of ceramic products came from the manufacturing phase (Sangwan, Choudhary, and Batra 2018; Souza et al. 2016; Almeida et al. 2016). Giudice et al. (2017) studied the climate change impact of ornamental ceramic plates and found that the value was 1.26 kg CO2eq/kg. Meanwhile, Quinteiro et al. (2012b) revealed that the value was 2.93 kg CO2eq/kg. Chuenwong, Sajjakulnukit, and Chiarakorn (2019) evaluated the average CO2 intensity in the production of ceramic tableware in Thailand, which was found to be 1.75 kg CO2eq/kg and 1.24 ± 0.29 kg CO2eq/kg for small-scale industry (Chuenwong, Chiarakorn, and Sajjakulnukit 2017). It should be noted that such research in Thailand only considered direct GHG emissions; it did not include indirect GHG emissions in the upstream and downstream stages. However, the difference in the results is not only because of different system boundaries, but also because of raw material mixtures. Moreover, different types of tableware ceramics cause different operating conditions. There are three types of tableware ceramics including earthenware (firing temperature about 900‒1,100 °C), stoneware (firing temperature about 1,100‒1,300 °C) and porcelain (firing temperature about 1,260‒1,400 °C).
Microbial fuel cells: a sustainable solution for bioelectricity generation and wastewater treatment
Published in Biofuels, 2019
Har Mohan Singh, Atin K. Pathak, Kapil Chopra, V.V. Tyagi, Sanjeev Anand, Richa Kothari
Membrane materials play a crucial role in MFC technology. The cost, achievable performance, configuration and design of MFCs decide the choice of membrane material. Table 1 describes various types of membrane materials. Among these, most of the materials have high cost at the commercial level. So, research has moved toward sustainable materials which can compete in terms of performance and cost. Reusable waste materials have created a great opportunity to solve the multifaceted problems of cost, performance and environmental concerns. Santoro et al. [17] suggested a broad spectrum of promising alternatives such as nylon fiber, glass, ceramics and biodegradable shopping bags, and a range of unconventional materials such as natural rubber products (laboratory gloves). Various types of lithospheric materials are incorporated in this series – porous terracotta, earthenware, clay materials, etc. Apart from this, membrane-less MFCs do not require expensive proton-exchange membranes [29]. Sediment MFCs are a special design which does not require a membrane (Sediment MFCs or Benthic MFCs).
Wear behaviour of ceramic particle reinforced hybrid polymer matrix composites
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2020
Right now, most moving contact orientation for conventional applications are produced using high carbon, high chromium, and through-solidifying bearing steel, for example, AISI 52100. Materials for aviation applications might be produced using VIMVAR (vacuum enlistment softened vacuum curve remoulded) M50 apparatus steel, which can be course with significantly enhanced weakness and wear life in view of lower oxygen and higher amalgam substance (Senthil Kumar, Karthik, and Raja 2015). As a result of the tremendous contrasts in properties between silicon nitride and ordinary bearing steels, all-steel bearing inner geometrical parameters now used are not appropriate for all-clay or half and half steel/earthenware course. The plain diary bearing can be produced with carbon–epoxy (C–E) composites by supplanting the traditional materials with the expansion of powder particles, for example, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and boron carbide can be utilised for enhancing the wear and contact attributes. The expansion of glass fibre to the PEEK has a noteworthy effect in wear conduct and grinding properties are progressed. The unadulterated PEEK composite and PEEK + 30% glass fibre composite are tried in a stick-on-plate mechanical assembly with various speeds and weight and distinctive working conditions such as dry and water greased up conditions. The tribological conduct for the materials under the scope of test conditions is not affected by the range in a blend of weight and speed (Karthik et al. 2015). The particles such as graphite and wax materials are called polyamide polymers. The expansion of particles in two distinctive rates 5–15% graphite and 4% wax.