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Ceramic materials
Published in Arthur Lyons, Materials for Architects and Builders, 2019
Modern terracotta blocks may still be supplied for new work or refurbishment as plain ashlar, profiled or with sculptural embellishments. Terracotta may be used as the outer skin of cavity wall construction or as 25–40 mm thick cladding hung with stainless steel mechanical fixings. The production of terracotta blocks requires the manufacture of an oversize model (to allow for shrinkage), from which plaster moulds are made. Prepared clay is then pushed into the plaster mould, dried under controlled conditions and finally fired. Traditional colours together with greens and blues and various textures are produced. For refurbishment work, existing terracotta can, subject to natural variations, usually be colour-matched. In addition to cladding units, terracotta clay is also used in the manufacture of terracotta floor tiles and an extensive range of decorative ridge tiles and finials (Fig. 8.10). Standard terracotta building blocks made by extrusion are described in Chapter 2.
Recognising the different types of building stone
Published in John A. Hudson†, John W. Cosgrove, Understanding Building Stones and Stone Buildings, 2019
John A. Hudson†, John W. Cosgrove
Terracotta is an unglazed, fired, clay material which has surprising durability and can remain unchanged for centuries. When deterioration does occur, it is caused by the original under-burning of the material, crystallisation of soluble salts or by frost action. One of the classic examples of terracotta work is the Chinese Terracotta Army at Xi’an, consisting of sculptures of thousands of soldiers and hundreds of horses created to protect the first Emperor of China after his death, and dating from the 3rd century BC, Figure 3.90. Given that these sculptures were buried and in existence for many hundreds of years, the terracotta itself has survived well, although many of the figures experienced mechanical damage as a result of being buried and then excavated.
Assessing seismicity in Bangladesh: an application of Guttenberg-Richter relationship and spectral analysis
Published in Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 2023
Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul Islam, Mst. Yeasmin Akter, Sumaia Amanat, Edris Alam, Mst. Laila Sultana, Shamsuddin Shahid, Arnob Das, Susmita Datta Peu, Javed Mallick
Based on these faults and ruptures, the researcher noted fracture propagation is limited to the northwest, northeast, and southeast zones, which coincide with seismic fault source zones (Reimann 1993). Fracture propagation and fault rupture are expected in the northeast and southeast Bangladesh. The faulting in the Dauki source zone is vertical to near vertical basement induced, whereas faulting in the southeast occurs along detachment zone slip planes. The Rajshahi Division features neotectonic faults in Bangladesh’s northwest. The northeast has seen moderate-to-large earthquakes. The Dauki Fault Zone is the largest crustal displacement. Habiganj’s western section includes Raghunanda Hill. Habiganj has a clay-and-clay-gall fault escarpment. The Lalmai Hills in Comilla is a fault-bound elevated terrace from the Neogene era. The fault escarpment, terracotta, pottery, and stone weapons indicate recent reactivation and uplift along the Lalmai fault. Borkol’s eastern margin is faulted in Rangamati. Active faults are in Chittagong, Bandarban, and Teknaf.
Using heritage building registers to characterise unreinforced masonry buildings of Brisbane, Australia
Published in Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, 2023
Nouman Khattak, Hossein Derakhshan, David P. Thambiratnam, Nimal J. Perera, Jason M. Ingham
From the description of each building in the QHR it was found that 57% (see Figure 23) of the roof coverings are made of corrugated iron or steel sheathing, with these roof covers mostly found in commercial and residential buildings. The second common roof covering is terracotta tile (16%), which is primarily used in residential buildings. In many residential buildings the original shingle roofs have been replaced by corrugated iron or slate, with the frequent use of corrugated iron aligning with the fact that this material is readily available, cheaper, and easy to instal (Howlader et al. 2016). Other than these materials, ribbed iron has been used in 7% of the buildings, slate has been used in 5% of the buildings, corrugated asbestos (used in sawtooth shaped roofs) has been used in 4% of the buildings, and cement/concrete tiles have been used in 3% of the buildings.
A comprehensive review of four decades of thermally efficient biomass cookstove initiatives for sustainable development in India
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
R. K. Aggarwal, Shyam Singh Chandel
Under NBCI, pilot-scale projects were launched using different grade fuels. Biomass fuel is used in these cookstoves efficiently with less pollutant emissions. Biomass gas-based one-pot cookstoves being propagated in the country on subsidised rates have a major drawback that only one item can be cooked at a time, besides the stove is unsuitable for space heating. A fan is provided which requires electricity, which is a problem in many parts of the country. In advanced cook stoves, fans are provided for better combustion as compared to the natural draft. These cookstoves can be used in the domestic and community sectors also. These cookstoves have combustion efficiencies of 90% with heat transfer efficiencies generally ranging from 10% to 40% but also cause indoor air pollution (Bryden et al. 2006). Thus the development of ICs needs to have a holistic approach to address all concerns. The ICs are fabricated with metal, ceramic and terracotta or pottery or in combination. Latest ICs as approved by MNRE are given in Table 3.