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Design, installation and maintenance of drainage systems
Published in A.L.M.Van Wijk, J. Wesseling, Agricultural Water Management, 2020
Because of its importance, in the following some information dealing with materials is given: – in former times (until 1965) clay tile was by far the most widely used material for closed drains;– concrete tiles of special quality (manufactured for example from sulphate resistent cement) are designed for use in case corrosive acids or sulphates are present in soil or water;– plastic tubing now seems to replace the other materials rapidly because of its low cost and easy installation.
Event-Driven Systems
Published in Robert H. Kadlec, Treatment Marshes for Runoff and Polishing, 2019
Agricultural stormwater occurs as runoff from crops and pastures. Non Point Source (NPS) pollution from agriculture may occur when nutrients are applied at rates greater than crops can utilize or when timing of nutrient applications occurs in close proximity to heavy rains (Stone et al., 2003). A fraction of the fertilizers applied to fields is unavoidably lost to runoff and shallow groundwater. Tile drainage systems collect subsurface waters, and vent them to receiving streams, where their nitrogen content, together with phosphorus, may cause problems. Wetlands are being used at various points in the agricultural landscape, corresponding to drainage areas ranging from individual fields (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1991; Tanner et al., 2003), to small order streams (Stone et al., 2003), to large regional landscape units of thousands of hectares (Reilly et al., 2000). Some of these receive pumped water at relatively constant rates, and these have been included under the discussion of continuous (but possibly variable) flow wetlands. Those that receive water as a result of meteorological events are considered here.
Animal Waste Pollutants
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Nancy E. Whiting, Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs), 2007
Frank R. Spellman, Nancy E. Whiting
Surface discharges can occur through spills or other discharges from lagoons. Catastrophic spills from large manure storage facilities can occur primarily through overflow following large storms or by intentional releases (Mulla et al., 1999). Other causes of spills include pump failures, malfunctions of manure irrigation guns, and breakage of pipes or retaining walls. Manure entering tile drains has a direct route to surface water. (Tile drains are a network of pipes buried in fields below the root zone of plants to remove subsurface drainage water from the root zone to a stream, drainage ditch, or evaporation pond.) In addition, spills can occur as a result of washouts from floodwaters when lagoons are sited on floodplains. Indications that discharges from siphoning lagoons occur deliberately as a means to reduce the volume in overfull lagoons have been recorded (Clean Water Action Alliance, 1998) An independent review of Indiana Department of Environmental Management records indicated that two common causes of waste releases in that state were intentional discharges and accidental discharges resulting from lack of operator knowledge (Hoosier Environmental Council, 1997).
Phosphorus dynamics in agricultural surface runoff at the edge of the field and in ditches during overbank flooding conditions in the Red River Valley
Published in Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques, 2023
Vivekananthan Kokulan, Matthew Q. Morison, Janina M. Plach, Genevieve A. Ali, David A. Lobb, Merrin L. Macrae
Two adjacent farm fields (25 ha each) and their roadside ditches in Elm Creek, Manitoba, were instrumented (Supplemental Figure S1). Soils of both fields are classified as Gleyed Humic Vertisols of the Red River Series (U.S taxonomy: Gleyic humicryerts), and topography is characterized by nearly flat terrain (0–2% slope). Both fields drain into adjacent roadside ditches through in-field surface swales. Field A was tile-drained, whereas Field B was surface drained. Tile drain laterals (10 cm diameter) in Field A were systematically located at ∼1 m depth, with 13 m spacing. Laterals drained into a large 37.5 cm diameter main that discharged to a collection pond and adjacent retention pond (described in Kokulan et al. 2019b). However, tile drainage has a negligible effect on overbank flooding and surface runoff in this landscape, largely due to either frozen soils or convective events, both of which lead to limited infiltration (Kokulan et al. 2019a, 2021). In both fields, canola (Brassica napus L.) was grown in 2015, which was followed by spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The fields were annually tilled to 15 cm depth in fall. Phosphorus is subsurface seed placed in spring as mono ammonium phosphate (40 kg ha−1 in 2015, 45 kg ha−1 in 2016, and 20 kg ha−1 in 2017), whereas the N is surface broadcast as urea (127 kg ha−1 in 2015 and 123 kg ha−1 in 2016) and ammonium sulphate (22 kg ha−1 in 2015 and 2016). Nitrogen fertilizers were seed placed in 2017 (7 kg ha−1 urea and 9 kg ha−1 ammonium phosphate).