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Civil design
Published in Chris Elliott, Planning and Installing Micro-Hydro Systems, 2014
More recently a range of lining materials have become more widely used. These are perhaps of two main types; those which are waterproof plastic or rubber, and those which are impregnated with materials such as Bentonite (clay) or concrete. The Bentonite impregnated material is used to line many civil structures which need to retain water for various reasons, and is often favoured for being relatively able to repair from tears or penetrations, as well as joining simply. Concrete impregnated liners are potentially more robust but otherwise quite similar in principle. The liner can act as a suppressant of growth, a waterproof liner and a scour protection. It of course provides no structural support, so the form and makeup of the channel still needs consideration, but the scouring of the flow is controlled.
Sewage Disposal Systems
Published in Herman Koren, Best Practices for Environmental Health, 2017
When repairs are made to these structures and the flat surfaces, floors, walls, and roofs have deteriorated and need rebuilding, sealing, or waterproof coating, it is necessary to bind and anchor the new material totally to the structure and have a complete and total waterproof seal applied.
Improvement study of elastic rubber gasket for shield tunnel segment
Published in Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2023
(1) The staggered seamis very unfavourable to the sealing gasket waterproof. When the staggered amount reaches 10 mm, the average contact stress between rubber bodies is only 0.37MPa, far less than the design water pressure of 0.6MPa, and it is difficult to guarantee the long-term waterproof of the tunnel.