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Best practices for matching replacement brick to historic fired-clay brick
Published in Jan Kubica, Arkadiusz Kwiecień, Łukasz Bednarz, Brick and Block Masonry - From Historical to Sustainable Masonry, 2020
Brick is one of man’s oldest building materials, and specifically, fired-clay brick can trace its history back to the fourth millennium B.C. (Campbell, 2003). The first step in creating this product is to obtain the raw material, clay, which is later used to form the brick. The clay is then tempered, formed into a shape, and fired in a kiln at high temperatures to vitrify the clay, inciting a chemical reaction that creates a changed, durable material. Until it is fired, water can be added to clay to return it to a malleable state, but once it is fired, that is no longer possible.
Characterization of Classical Construction Materials used in Ethiopian Architecture for the Restoration of their Historic and Artistic Heritage
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2019
Jorge Alberto Durán-Suárez, Mª Paz Sáez-Pérez
The ceramic materials from the Dabsan (DAB-11) site,present high porosity and negligible fusion between the particles due to they were fired at low temperature. The EDX analysis showed that its composition was typical of a common pottery product. In general, the ceramic products are made out of locally quarried clays and tempers. The tempers were either made out of reused crushed ceramic material or alternatively out of crushed rocks and sands of a siliceous nature. The high porosity of their components and the fact that they showed no signs of vitrification suggest that these ceramics were fired at a low temperature. The elementary analysis with EDX showed them to be similar to common pottery products. No newly formed minerals were detected that could indicate firing temperatures of over 750–850ºC.