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Waste Biomass to Bioenergy: A Compressive Review
Published in Prakash K. Sarangi, Latika Bhatia, Biotechnology for Waste Biomass Utilization, 2023
Meghna Rajvanshi, Raviprasad Podili, Vinay Dwivedi, Debanjan Sanyal, Santanu Dasgupta
The main challenges in the biomass supply chain are seasonal availability, variable quantities of residual biomass, availability on scattered locations, the high moisture content in biomass making it susceptible for degradation, low biomass density leading to increased storage and transportation cost and thus demanding to follow biomass densification process. These reasons render biomass logistics for the year-round operation of biorefinery quite cost-intensive and complex (Souza et al., 2015). The complex structure of lignocellulosic biomass often results in low biomass conversion efficiencies and scarcity of matured technologies aggravates the difficulties further (Balan, 2014). Additionally, insufficient funds and investments to run biomass projects, non-standard and fluctuating residual biomass pricing, high risk due to uncertainties in raw material availability, and low returns on investments in combination with limitations in downstream conversion technologies limit commercialization of biomass to bioenergy (Malladi and Sowlati, 2018).
Industrial Technologies for Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass
Published in Arindam Kuila, Sustainable Biofuel and Biomass, 2019
Amrita Saha, Soumyak Palei, Minhajul Abedin, Bhaswati Uzir
As the world population is increasing rapidly, the demand of energy is also increasing and by 2035 the global energy consumption is likely to increase by 40–42%, the depletion of fossil fuels at a high rate and the major environmental problems caused due to burning of fossil fuel (greenhouse effect, global warming, acid rain, etc.) attracted the interest in nonconventional fuel mainly bioethanol, which is obtained from lignocellulosic biomass. The lignocellulosic biomass refers to the plant biomass that is composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. It is increasingly recognized as alternative to petroleum for the production of fuels. Bio fuels can be obtained from agricultural residues (corn stover, straw, etc.), forestry residues, biowaste, etc. A recent survey suggests that the world’s annual biomass yield contains inherent energy to contribute to 20–100% of world annual energy consumption. For the past few years, biomass based on bioethanol has caught the attraction of global industries. Because, ethanol burns more cleanly, the use of ethanol-blended fuels can reduce the net emissions of greenhouse gases, it is considered renewable energy source and it is also biodegradable and less toxic than fossil fuels. Ethanol-blended fuel is widely used in Brazil, United States, and European countries. Brazil has replaced almost 42% of its gasoline needs with ethanol. So, bioethanol is emerging as a global biofuel.
Recent Advances in Consolidated Bioprocessing for Microbe-Assisted Biofuel Production
Published in Sonil Nanda, Prakash Kumar Sarangi, Dai-Viet N. Vo, Fuel Processing and Energy Utilization, 2019
Prakash Kumar Sarangi, Sonil Nanda
The carbohydrate composition in lignocellulosic materials has a considerable effect on the alcohol yields and varies significantly with various factors like geographical location, growth conditions, and crop maturity (Nanda et al. 2013). The lignocellulosic component largely provides the structural integrity of the plant and usually is present in roots, stalks, and leaves. The three major polymers such as cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin along with pectin, extractives, and ash are in the lignocellulosic biomass depending on their types, species, and sources (Agbor et al. 2011). Extractives are the non-structural biomass components soluble in neutral organic solvents or water that consist of various biopolymers like terpenoids, fats, lipids, steroids, waxes, resin acids, and other phenolic components. Different types of bonding such as intermolecular bridges, covalent bonding, and van der Waals forces render lignocellulose an intricate structure strong enough to resist an enzymatic attack. In general, the composition of a typical lignocellulosic biomass is cellulose (30%–60%), hemicellulose (20%–40%) and lignin (15%–25%) on dry basis (Nanda et al. 2013).
Alcohols as alternative fuels in compression ignition engines for sustainable transportation: a review
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Tomesh Kumar Sahu, Pravesh Chandra Shukla, Giacomo Belgiorno, Rakesh Kumar Maurya
Bioethanol is commercially produced by fermenting sugarcane molasses, a first-generation bioethanol feedstock, but it cannot meet ethanol blending requirements because of limited molasses availability and higher demand from industrial/potable sectors. Using lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock for second-generation biofuel could improve food security, reduce fossil fuel imports, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. From the fuel cost perspective, the ethanol fuel price range is 0.5 to 1.5 USD per liter, with an average market price of ethanol about 0.75 USD per liter (Ranganathan 2020). Currently, the global potential for ethanol production is about 103,379 million liters out of which about 56,781 million liters is from the United States of America (Annual Ethanol Production U.S. and World Ethanol Production by Renewable Fuels Association 2022) and about 7000 million liters from India (Roadmap for Ethanol Blending in India by 2025 by NITI Ayog; 2022). The utilization of alcohol indicates its great potential in terms of overall greenhouse gas emissions in comparison to conventional fuels by adopting the holistic approach (cradle to grave) (Shamun et al. 2018). Alcohol produced from bio-resources can simultaneously solve two problems: 1) waste management of agricultural organic wastes and 2) alternative fuel for internal combustion (IC) engine applications (Demiray et al. 2022; Sahu et al. 2022). Alcohol produced from various cellulosic biomass materials helps in reducing the PM emission as an enabler to meet the low NOx levels (Broukhiyan and Lestz 1981; Sharma and Agarwal 2020).
Enhanced production of ethanol from enzymatic hydrolysate of microwave-treated wheat straw by statistical optimization and mass balance analysis of bioconversion process
Published in Biofuels, 2021
Amisha Patel, Harshvadan Patel, Jyoti Divecha, Amita R. Shah
Lignocellulosic biomass has a high potential as an alternative and renewable energy source to mitigate global climate change. Among all renewable energy resources, lignocellulosic ethanol is more attractive due to its introduction into current fuel distribution which is promoted by mandatory targets. Different lignocellulosic biomass types are available for large-scale production of ethanol, among which wheat straw is a promising feedstock as it is rich in carbohydrate content and abundantly available in India [1]. The production of 1 kg of wheat grain entails the generation of 1.1 kg of straw [2], and according to the International Grains Council, wheat (with a straw-to-grain ratio of 1.3) is the grain with the second largest global production, with an estimated annual production of 747 million tons (for the year 2016–2017) [3]. Although a large amount of wheat straw is already used for different purposes, including animal feeding and soil maintenance, about 60% of the world production is still available for energy purposes [4,5].
The production of carbon electrodes from lignocellulosic biomass of areca midrib through a chemical activation process for supercapacitor cells application
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Rakhmawati Farma, Mutya Kusumasari, Irma Apriyani, Awitdrus Awitdrus
Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant component of polysaccharides in nature and consists of three types of polymers, namely cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which are used as raw materials to generate heat, such as firewood or pellets, or converted into various biofuels (Wang et al. 2020). The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels consists of thermal, chemical, and biochemical methods (Gao et al. 2017). Lignocellulosic biomass can also be applied to overcome environmental damage caused by heavy metals such as zinc, chromium, arsenic, mercury, nickel, chromium, copper, cadmium, and selenium in industrial wastewater, resulting in a greener environment (Wu et al. 2020). In addition, lignocellulosic biomass can clean up oil spills by raw cellulose-based absorption method, green and sustainable approach (Sun et al. 2021). Lignocellulosic biomass can also be used as a basic material for the production of activated carbon as electrodes for renewable energy sources such as supercapacitors (Shanmuga, Divya, and Rajalakshmi 2020; Zhang et al. 2021).