China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Fixing Traditional and Modern Floor Joists and Flooring
Published in Les Goring, Manual of First and Second Fixing Carpentry, 2018
Figure 8.42: Plastic-laminate flooring – usually just referred to as laminate flooring – is composed of a hard-wearing, wood-grain-patterned plastic membrane on the face-side, which has been fused (under great heat and pressure) to a high-density fibreboard (HDF) core of 7 to 8 mm thickness. The ‘boards’ are about 150 mm longer and 50 mm wider than the engi- neered-timber boards described above and each panel usually displays a three-row, strip-floor effect. This type of flooring is produced to varying grades to suit different levels of use, and can only be laid as a floating floor. In recent years, these panels had standard T&G joints that were glued together, but they now have glueless, self-locking click joints on all four edges.
Thermogravimetric analysis of flax, jute, and UHMWPE fibers and their composites with melamine and phenol formaldehyde resins
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2023
Srinivas Shenoy Heckadka, Raghuvir Pai Ballambat, Poornima Bhagavath, Manjeshwar Vijaya Kini, Rajeev K Sinha, M.K Sonali, Diya Sen
Now coming to the resin, which is a polymeric material used to bond the fiber reinforcements in polymer composites. Resins such as epoxy, polyester and vinyl ester are extensively utilised with natural/synthetic fibers for manufacturing composites (Rajak et al., 2019). In addition to these resins, the use of formaldehyde resins such as phenol, melamine and urea-formaldehyde is gaining momentum for developing polymer composites. Phenolic resins produced due to the reaction between phenol and formaldehyde under alkaline conditions have excellent mechanical strength, water resistance and chemical and thermal stability. Phenolic resins are used to produce moulded products, including billiard balls, laboratory countertops, hot oil filter applications such as the lube oil filters of automobiles, coatings and adhesives (Kariuki et al., 2019). Melamine formaldehyde resin obtained by condensation of formaldehyde with melamine has improved heat, moisture, scratch, and chemical resistance (Merline et al., 2013). Melamine resins are used to manufacture many products, including kitchenware, laminate flooring, laminate countertops, overlay materials, particleboards, and floor tiles. Melamine and its salts are also used as fire-retardant additives in paints, plastics, and paper (Kumar & Katiyar, 1990; Park & Jeong, 2010; Raval et al., 2006).
Plasma bisphenol a and phthalate levels in children with cerebral palsy: a case-control study
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Özlem Tezol, Sıddıka Songül Yalçin, Anıl Yirün, Aylin Balci Özyurt, Çetin Okuyaz, Pınar Erkekoğlu
Both DEHP and DBP can be detected in different flooring materials and in dust on the floor (Lin et al. 2021). Hence, compared to children with CP, healthy children who have no barriers to mobilization may be more likely to be exposed to phthalates emitted from indoor flooring materials or existing in floor dust through dermal contact while walking on, sitting on or touching the floor. This may explain why we found an association between indoor flooring type and the highest tertiles of DEHP and DBP in the healthy controls but not in the children with CP. As a non-polymer, DEHP has been utilized in the formulation and industrial use of ceramics (U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission 2022) while laminate flooring is commonly related to formaldehyde but not to phthalate exposure.