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Vegetable Oils as Additive in the Formulation of Eco-Friendly Lubricant
Published in Brajendra K. Sharma, Girma Biresaw, Environmentally Friendly and Biobased Lubricants, 2016
Gobinda Karmakar, Pranab Ghosh
The application of vegetable oils or their derivatives as additive is increasing very recently because of their low toxicity, biocompatibility, and enhanced multifunctional performances in mineral or vegetable base fluids. Vegetable oils are used as antifrictional additive in mineral oils as well as biobased lube oils. Erickson et al. [33] have exposed the application of meadowfoam oil or their derivatives (phosphate or sulfurized) as antiwear additive in paraffinic mineral base oil. The antiwear test results of the synthesized additives are mentioned in Table 15.2. A significant reduction in wear scar diameter (WSD) was observed because of the addition of a mixture of meadowfoam oil and their derivatives in base fluids. Palm oil or its chemically modified adducts also showed significant additive performances in mineral oils as well as biobased base oils. Maleque et al. [34] have mentioned the application of palm oil methyl esters (POMEs) as antiwear additive in mineral base fluids. They reported that four-ball test results for antiwear performance of mineral base oil blended with different percentages of the POME, viz., 0, 3, 5, 7, and 10, showed improvement of performance and 5% additive concentration performed the best. Ossia et al. [35] have shown that eicosanoic and octadecanoic acids, the very long-chain fatty acids in castor and jojoba oil, are used as lubricity additives in biodegradable castor oil and jojoba oil as well as in mineral oil base stocks. Bisht et al. [36] compared the performances of mineral oil base stocks by blending different concentrations of jojoba oil with percentages 5, 10, 20, 30, and 50 and additives such as tricresyl phosphate and zinc dialkyldithiophosphate. It has been found that the use of jojoba oil in lubricant formulation enhances certain desirable properties of the blend such as VI, antirust, antifoam, antiwear, and friction reduction properties. This is due to the straight, high-polarity, and longer-chain molecules of jojoba oil (Figure 15.6), which was strongly adsorbed by the metal surfaces.
A comprehensive study on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with the blends of diesel, jojoba oil biodiesel, and butylated hydroxyl anisole as an alternative fuel
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Karthickeyan Viswanathan, Arulraj Paulraj
Jojoba oil (Simmondsia chinensis) was obtained from seeds of the jojoba plant, a shrub, which belongs to America. The jojoba oil was a golden color and odorless with 97% of the monoesters of long-chain fatty acids and alcohols with a trivial portion of triglyceride esters. This chemical constituent of jojoba oil justifies the self-stability and confrontation to high temperatures, equated with other nonedible oils. The fuel properties, namely, kinematic viscosity, iodine number, and flash point were calculated as 13.45 cSt, 76, and 239°C, respectively. Jojoba oil was heated and filtered to eliminate the suspended particles. The preheated oil was transferred to round-bottomed flask and retained at minimum stirring speed and temperature. Simultaneously, a 6:1 ratio of methanol to oil and 0.5 wt% of Potassium hydroxide were taken in a separate flask and dissolved. The obtained solution was termed as Potassium methoxide and homogeneity was achieved during the process. The potassium methoxide was allowed to react with heated jojoba oil and the reaction was performed at a temperature range of 60°C–65°C, mixing intensity of 600 rpm, and reaction time of 2 h. The processed sample was shifted to a gravity separation funnel and remains untouched for a period of 24 h. Two different-colored solutions were separated owing to the density difference by gravity principle. Crude glycerol was removed and esters were cleaned with warm deionized water for 4 times at different time conditions. The obtained solution at the final stage was termed as Jojoba oil biodiesel (JB100).
Tribological characteristics of n-(GO/WC-10Co-4Cr) HVOF coatings under biolubricant conditions
Published in Surface Engineering, 2021
S. Somasundaram, B. R. Ramesh Bapu, R. Raj Jawahar
In this work, the tribological characteristics of the thermal spray coatedGO/WC-10Co-4Cr were studied under different concentrations of jojoba oil based bio lubricant. The major findings of the work were concluded as follows. The GO in thermal spray coatings reduces the coefficient of friction upto 0.1854 for 0.085-GO/WC-10Co-4Cr at 200 µm in comparison with which is found to have higher coefficient of friction of 0.5012 for 0.075-GO/WC-10Co-4Cr at 100 µm.The wear rate has been reduced from 1.05×10−4mm3 Nm−1 in 0.1-GO/WC-10Co-4Cr at 150 µm to 2.25×10−5 mm3 Nm−1 in 0.085-GO/WC-10Co-4Cr at 200 µmThe formation aluminium carbonate Al2(CO3)3 and aluminium chromate Al2(CrO4)3 were observed in coating layers of 150 µm.The thermal spray coated substrate with GO oxide enhances the lubricity through the oorowan strengthening effect on the boundaries of the GO phases.
Combustion and exhaust emissions of a direct-injection diesel engine burning jojoba ethyl ester and mixtures with ethanol
Published in Biofuels, 2019
Mohamed Y. E. Selim, Mamdouh T. Ghannam, Ahmad Saleh Al Awad, Mohamed Saed Al Sabek
Jojoba oil is extracted from seeds by cold pressing. This oil is of high quality and has unique physical and chemical characteristics. Jojoba oil differs from other vegetable oils, which contain triglyceride, whereas jojoba oil consists of a straight-chain ester. Ester is fatty alcohols and acids in a long mono-bond saturated chain [13–15,21].