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Plant Nutrition and Turf Fertilizers
Published in L.B. (Bert) McCarty, Golf Turf Management, 2018
Other minor use P sources include bone meal, basic slag, urea-ammonium phosphate, magnesium ammonium polyphosphate (8-40-0), nitric phosphate, and calcium metaphosphate (or apatite). Bone meal contains 15% to 34% P2O5 plus ~4% N and is an animal bone by-product. Basic slag is a steel manufacturing by-product containing 10% to 18% P2O5 and 12% N. It also contains some Ca and should be finely ground before use. Phosphoric acid is a liquid containing 53% P2O5. Liquid forms of ammonium phosphate commonly used are 10-34-0 and 11-37-0 and are formed by reacting ammonia with phosphoric acid. Nitrogen, phosphate, and sulfuric acid can be added to make the desired grade.
Ersatzstoffe im Zeitalter der Weltkriege: Geschichte, Bedeutung, Perspektiven
Published in Ambix, 2023
Together with the extensive introduction, the seven cases studies represent a history of the German chemical industry in a nutshell, from the nineteenth century to the late 1950s, with a far greater attention than usual to the role played by politics and the military. With respect to the two central questions mentioned above, the answer to the first is that the external pressures of the two wars seldom led to really new inventions, but they scaled up existing technologies and their application. The answer to the second question is more ambiguous. In some cases innovations emerging during the wars had a lasting impact, as illustrated by the Haber-Bosch process and the production of meat and bone meal, but in other cases, including many alloys, the industry returned to products and processes used before the war, though at a higher level of scientific understanding.
Impact of reactor configuration and relative operating conditions on volatile fatty acids production from organic waste
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2022
Elena Rossi, Isabella Pecorini, Antonio Panico, Renato Iannelli
Experimental bench-scale tests on SS and ALW (i.e. winery wastewater and meat and bone meal) resulted in a VFA yield higher at 55°C than 35°C for each investigated substrate [128]. In particular, the highest VFAs yield of 0.49 gVFA/gCODin was achieved with meat and bone meal at 55°C and pH = 9. The final VFAs composition varied according to the type of substrate and initial pH. For example, feeding the process with SS, acetic, propionic and butyric acids was obtained. Their fractions showed high variability according to operating conditions: acetate increased from 2% to 51%, propionic decreased from 53% to 11% and iso-valeric decreased from 33% to 16% when temperature increased from 35°C to 55°C and pH was set to 5.5; whereas, VFAs composition did not substantially change turning from 35°C to 55°C when pH was set to 10.
Novel resources recovery from anaerobic digestates: Current trends and future perspectives
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Paul Sebastian Selvaraj, Kalaiselvi Periasamy, Kathirvel Suganya, Kavitha Ramadass, Selvamurugan Muthusamy, Poornima Ramesh, Richard Bush, Salom Gnana Thanga Vincent, Thava Palanisami
Siciliano and De Rosa (2014) reported another low-cost struvite precipitation technique. Seawater bittern and a bone meal served as a source of magnesium and phosphorus for the struvite precipitation process since bittern contains more than 97% of magnesium chloride, while bone meal includes 61.6% of phosphate and 35.7% of calcium. The experiments were conducted with liquid digestate from an AD plant operating with feedstock consisting of cattle manure and some added food waste (corn silage and olive oil waste). It had an ammoniacal nitrogen concentration of 1.06 ± 0.2 g L−1. Using the seawater bittern and bone meal with the pH of 9.0 and reaction time of 15 min, yielded the maximum amount of struvites, and with RMN and RPN values of 1.3, the process removed more than 90% ammonia concentration (Siciliano & De Rosa, 2014). Hidalgo et al. (2016) reported that ammonia stripping and struvite crystallization constitute economically viable techniques for removing ammonia from digestate. Furthermore, they estimated recovery costs of NH4+-N removed through struvite crystallization to be 1.753 €kg−1, and 1.927 €kg−1 for ammonia stripping.