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Copolymerization
Published in Charles E. Carraher, Carraher's Polymer Chemistry, 2017
Blends are physical mixtures of polymers. Depending on the extent and type of blend, the properties may be characteristic of each blend member or may be some “blend” of properties. Immiscible blends are phase separated with the phases sometimes chemically connected. They are generally composed of a continuous and discontinuous phase. HIPS is an example of an immiscible blend. Miscible blends occur when the two blended materials are compatible. Often, the properties are a mixture of the two blended materials. The plastic automotive panels and bumpers are generally made from a miscible blend of polyethylene and a copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene.
Fibres
Published in Ashok R. Khare, Principles of Spinning, 2021
The Lyocell fibre is soft, absorbent and extremely strong when wet or dry. The fabrics can be machine washed and have excellent resistance to wrinkling. They drapes well and can be dyed in many colours. However, it is a more expensive fibre. Denims, underwear, casual wear clothing and towels can be made from lyocell fabrics. The fabric has silkier appearance and hence it is a very good material for ladies wear and shirts. It can be blended with cotton, polyester, linen and wool to impart special properties to the fabrics. Conveyor belts, specialty papers and medical dressings are also made from lyocell. Like Tencel, it is popularly used for making diaper-wipes.
Various Means of Printing Textiles
Published in Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury, Principles of Textile Printing, 2023
Another method uses blended fabrics, containing a protein-based fiber like silk and cellulose such as cotton or rayon. This is used to create the “burn-out” pattern. There is a sodium hydrogen sulphate gel which is applied to a particular fabric in patterns. This then dissolves the cellulose fibers and the protein-based ones are left behind. The protein fibers aren’t harmed by the chemicals. The gel is applied by painting onto the fabric or printing onto the fabric by hand (www.tianello.com/blogs/news/what-is-burnout).
State of art review on the incorporation of fibres in asphalt pavements
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2023
Shenghua Wu, Ara Haji, Ian Adkins
Aramid fibres are a class of extremely resilient and heat-resistant synthetic fibres, belonging to the group of aromatic polyamides (Wiśniewski et al., 2020). The fibre-forming substance is a long-chain synthetic polyamide in which at least 85% of the amide linkages are attached directly to two aromatic rings. The fibre is produced by spinning a solid fibre from a liquid chemical blend. Aramid fibres are rather expensive and difficult to manufacture, but unlike high molecular weight polyolefin fibres, aramids have a polar aromatic polymer backbone, which results in a much higher glass transition temperature and no melting point. Due to the aromatic structure, aramid fibres have excellent heat resistance, very low flammability and good chemical resistance to most organic solvents, but are sensitive to salt (chlorine), and to some acids and bases, as well as to degradation from ultraviolet radiation.
A study on textile recycling in college student residence areas
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Jonathan Y. Chen, Katherine Polston, Eve Nicols, Becky Phung
In order to know what fiber types were used in the textile/apparel items collected in the first recycling period, the total 247 items were sorted out via fiber contents denoted as Cotton, Polyester (PET), Cotton/PET Blend, Others, and Unknown. Weight of each collected items was measured. Table 2 lists the collected item weights (gram) in each fiber content group. The weight sum of the total recycled items is 37.4 kg. From the obtained data, weight percentage of each fiber content group against the total weight of the recycled is determined as shown in Figure 3. Overall, the recycled items with known fiber contents account for 80% in weight. Among them, those made of pure cotton, pure PET, and cotton/PET blend are 33%, 10%, and 5% respectively. All rest of known fiber are pooled into the fiber group Others that accounts for 32%. Fiber contents included in this group are pure rayon (10%) and 14 fiber blends from cotton, PET, nylon, rayon, flax, and spandex. Most popular fiber blends are cotton/spandex (25%), PET/spandex (12%), cotton/PET/rayon (17%), and cotton/PET/spandex (9%).
A review: can waste wool keratin be regenerated as a novel textile fibre via the reduction method?
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Post-consumer wool may not be entering relevant recycling streams in volumes large enough to be economically feasible due to issues with sorting and separating different fibre types (Ravasio & Rodewald, 2018). Both a solid infrastructure for collection and sorting of post-consumer waste and effective disassembly of garments is important prior to the stages of actual recycling (Ward et al., 2013). One important issue is that some garments contain blends of fibres. Blended fibres are useful because they allow optimisation of fabric properties and reduced production costs. When mechanically recycling mixed fibre feedstock, the resulting fibre composition is difficult to control, so the recycled product is often of low value. This becomes even more complicated when biodegradable fibres (such as natural fibres like cotton or wool) are blended with non-biodegradable fibres (synthetics such as polyesters) (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017). There have been discussion on the fundamental issues of design within the fashion industry, with concepts such as design for recycling or for disassembly showing how important end-of-life considerations are from the start (Fletcher, 2014).