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Materials
Published in Sumit Sharma, Composite Materials, 2021
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the family of Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose. The plant is a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, Africa, and India. The fiber is most often spun into yarn or thread, and used to make a soft, breathable textile. Current estimates for the world production are about 25 million tons or 110 million bales annually, accounting for 2.5% of the world’s arable land. China is the world’s largest producer of cotton, but most of this is used domestically. The United States has been the largest exporter for many years.
Airflow in Ducts and Fan Performance
Published in W.P. Jones, Air Conditioning Engineering, 2007
Circular section, permeable cloth ducting is also used, principally for air distribution in industrial applications. Being permeable, the air is diffused into the room uniformly over the entire length of the duct and low velocity air distribution achieved. The recommended materials are polypropylene, polyester and nylon. Cotton should not be used because of its hygroscopic nature and the risk of promoting the growth of microorganisms. About 100 Pa is needed inside the ducting to achieve airflow although with special construction this can be reduced to about 20 Pa. The cloth duct provides a measure of terminal filtration and hence periodic laundering is necessary.
Plasma Chemistry as a Tool for Eco-Friendly Processing of Cotton Textile
Published in Tanmoy Chakraborty, Lalita Ledwani, Research Methodology in Chemical Sciences, 2017
Hemen Dave, Lalita Ledwani, S. K. Nema
Cotton is a seed hair fiber taken out from the seeds of cotton plants. After flowering, an elongated capsule or boll is formed in which the cotton fibers grow. Once the fibers have grown completely, the capsule bursts and the fibers come out. A cotton capsule contains about 30 seeds, and each seed hosts around 2000–7000 seed hairs (fibers). The cotton fiber grows as unicellular fiber on the seed coat. The mature cotton fiber forms highly convoluted flat ribbon, varying in width of 12–20 μm. The average fiber length of different kinds of cotton varies from 22 to 50 mm. The mature cotton fiber is basically the cell wall of the cell that is elongated from the seed coat. The cotton fiber is structurally built up into concentric zones and a hollow central core known as the lumen. The mature fiber essentially consists of (from outside to inside) the cuticle, that is, the outermost layer, the primary cell wall, the winding layer, the secondary wall, and the lumen. Figure 6.2 systematically shows the different layers present in the cotton fiber. Cotton contains nearly 88–96% of cellulose and around 10% of noncellulosic substances, which are mainly located in the cuticle and primary wall of the fiber. Typical components in dry mature cotton fibers are cellulose (90–95%), waxes (0.6–1.3%), pectin (0.9–1.2%), protein (0.6–1.3%), ash (1.2%), organic acids (0.8%), and others (1.4%), whereas the chemical components of the outer surface are cellulose (54%), waxes (14%), pectin (9%), protein (%), ash (3%), and others (12%). Thus, most of the noncellulosic impurities are located at the outer surface of cotton fibers.112,113,115,116
Influence of graphene oxide synthesis methods on the electrical conductivity of cotton/graphene oxide composites
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Camilo Zapata-Hernandez, Geraldine Durango-Giraldo, Karen Cacua, Robison Buitrago-Sierra
In recent years, electrically conductive cotton-based textiles have attracted great interest because they can be used to develop wearable and smart devices such as sensors (detecting biomolecules, chemical, pH, and stress–strain) and healthcare garments (for diagnosis and measuring body movements) (Hansora et al., 2015; Pandiyarasan et al., 2016; Sahito et al., 2015; Tian et al., 2016). Cotton is a natural fiber widely used in the textile industry due to its intrinsic softness, high hygroscopicity, and skin friendliness (Liu et al., 2019). Furthermore, its chemical structure includes numerous hydroxyl groups that facilitate its modification and the adhesion of materials to cotton fabrics (Hu et al., 2010). However, the low electrical conductivity of cotton-based materials limits their application to the field of sensors and flexible electronic devices (Cai et al., 2017).
Fabrication and characterization of jute cotton blended fabrics reinforced UPR based composite: effect of gamma radiation and reactive dye
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2021
Md. Tarik Hossain, Md. Sahadat Hossain, Samina Ahmed, Ruhul A. Khan, A.M. Sarwaruddin Chowdhury
Jute fibers are very important natural fibers and are well known for their low cost, easy availability, low density, high tensile modulus (TM), low elongation at break (EB), low energy consumption, recyclability, and biodegradability (1–5). They are mainly used for making traditional jute products such as hessian clothes, sacking, CBC, ropes, shopping bags, floor mats, etc. (6–9). Cotton is a seed fiber made mostly of cellulose. It is widely used for apparel purposes in the textile sector. Blending is a technique to overcome the poor characteristics of one fiber alone. It is the technique to combine fibers that emphasizes the good qualities and minimizes the poor qualities of the fibers. It also makes the fabric manufacturing process economically. Blending jute with cotton fiber may be an acceptable way of jute diversification by which value-added products can be produced such as jute cotton blended fabrics, reinforcing material, etc. The use of fabrics made from jute cotton blended yarns would surely strengthen the economy by cutting a part of the cost incurred for high the cost of cotton (10). To keep the environment free from pollutants, the use of biodegradable and environment-friendly jute cotton blending fabrics will play an important role in composite fabrication. So, the composites prepared from the natural fiber-reinforced synthetic polymer-based materials show good mechanical properties.
Electrosprayed gum tragacanth/zinc oxide nanoparticles and their application as antibacterial agent on cotton terry towel
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2021
Fariba Yazdizadeh, Hossein Tavanai, Farzaneh Alihosseini
Cotton with a production of about 25.8 million tons in 2019 constitutes the second most common fiber used for clothing and textiles worldwide (OECD/FAO, 2019). Cotton is employed for the production of a wide range of fabrics with applications such as underwear, bath towel (gown, cap) as well as some medical textiles like bandages, gauze dressing, wadding and hygiene products. It is obvious that antibacterial activity plays an important role in these applications. Hence, the development of antibacterial clothing has attracted the attention of many researchers. Up to the present time, a good number of chemicals, namely, quaternary ammonium salts, triclosan, biguanide derivatives, N-halamines, peroxyacids as well as some synthetic dyes have been successfully employed to convey antibacterial properties to sport textiles, outerwear, underwear, sleepwear, socks, air filters, automotive textiles and medical textiles (Gao & Cranston, 2008). Antibacterially finished fabrics must be able to stand against a wide range of bacteria and at the same time not pose any threat to the wearer or the fibers involved. Moreover, the antibacterial agent must have enough washing, drying and ironing fastness (Zhang et al., 2016).