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Introduction to Chemistry of Diesel Fuels
Published in Chunshan Song, Chang S. Hsu, Isao Mochida, Chemistry of Diesel Fuels, 2020
Flash Point. Flash point is the temperature to which fuel must be heated to produce a vapor-air mixture (above the liquid) that will ignite and spread over the liquid surface when a small flame is applied. It can be measured by ASTM D93 method using a Pensky-Martens closed cup tester, where the lowest temperature at which a small flame of a specified size causes the vapor above the sample to ignite and be self sustaining is recorded as the flash point. Flash point is roughly proportional to boiling range and volatility, and relates to the front-end volatility of the fuel. Typical minimum values of flash points for automotive diesel fuels range from 38–52 °C in the U.S. to 56 °C in some European countries[16]. As far as performance in an engine is concerned, the flash point of a diesel fuel has no significance. It is solely concerned with fuel storage safety.
Testing and Analysis of Blended Lubricants
Published in R. David Whitby, Lubricant Blending and Quality Assurance, 2018
A wide number of tests are performed to assess the physical or chemical properties of lubricants. Tests for physical properties include Kinematic viscosity (capillary viscometer, low shear).Low-temperature viscosity: Brookfield viscometer (pumpability).Cold cranking simulator (CCS) (crankability).Mini-rotary viscometer (MRV) (pumpability).High-temperature viscosity: Tapered bearing simulator (high temperature, high shear).Ravenfield viscometer.Pour point.Flash point: Pensky–Martens closed cup (PMC) (for contamination).Cleveland open cup (COC) (for composition).Volatility: NOACK.Gas chromatography (simulated distillation).Air jet.Distillation.Foaming tendency and stability.Density (specific gravity).
Investigation on performance and emission characteristics of cardanol–diesel blends in a single cylinder DI diesel engine
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Sivakumar Sundaram, Venkatachalam Ramasamy, Nedunchezhian Natarajan, Jegatheswari Sivakumar
Various physical and chemical properties of the diesel and cardanol oil were measured with standard protocol and tabulated. Viscosity of the fuel and oil was measured using Saybolt viscosity tester at constant temperature. Pensky–Martens closed-cup apparatus was used to determine the flash point and fire point of the fuel and oil. The sulfur content was carried out by Elementar Vario ELIII, Germany. The heating value of the diesel and cardinal oil was determined using Parr-6772 calorimetric thermometer. Cardanol oil was analyzed for the study of its chemical compositions by using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) equipment at The South India Textile Research Association, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The GC analysis was done by using the equipment model Thermo GC—Trace Ultra Ver: 5.0, Thermo MS DSQ II system with ZB 5—MS capillary standard, nonpolar column. Helium gas was used as carrier gas with the flow rate of 1.1°ml/min and oven temperature was raised in steps of 6°C/min from 70 to 260°C. Obtained GC–MS testimony was discussed for the compositional constituents of cardanol oil.
Production of biodiesel from citrus maxima (Chakotara) seed oil, a potential of non-food feedstock and its blends with n butanol-diesel and purification, utilization of glycerol obtained as by-product from biodiesel
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Sanjay Kumar, Gurpreet Kaur, Anjali Joshi, Harish Chandra Joshi
The physicochemical properties such as iodine value, saponification value, specific gravity, acid value, diesel index, FFA, high heating value, long chain saturation factor, specific gravity (40°C), Corrosion, etc., of the biodiesel obtained from citrus maxima seed were determined according to ASTM D-6571 specifications. Flash points were determined by Pensky–Martens closed cup apparatus. Cetane Number (CN), degree of unsaturation (DU), Oxygen stability (OS), Long Chain Saturation Factor, Cold filter plugging property, high heating value effect the biodiesel quality and can be calculated by the empirical formulas (Franscisco et al. 2010; Islam et al. 2013; Ramos et al. 2009; Wu and Miao 2014).
Significance of injection pressure on the overall performance of common rail direct injection engine using dairy scum oil methyl esters
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
M. Nandeesh, C. R. Rajashekar, R. Harish kumar, N. R. Banapurmath
A minimum flash point for fuel is required for fire safety, storage and transportation and it emphasises the level of unreacted alcohol in the fuel as per National Fire Protection Association code. The flash point is determined by the Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus.