China
Africa
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Air cargo transport and logistics in Hong Kong and Southern China
Published in Junyi Zhang, Cheng-Min Feng, Routledge Handbook of Transport in Asia, 2018
The initial rise of global supply chains is contributed to by “intermediate goods,” which account for 30–60% of the exports of G20 countries (The Economist, 2014). Given that many of these imported parts are either of high value or involved in time sensitive production and service provision and hence are required to be shipped with high speed and high reliability, air transport is widely used in such a type of global sourcing and production process. Air cargo transport and logistics in China, especially its southern region and Hong Kong, deserve a comprehensive review and study, as parts and components are commonly shipped to this region from various countries for original equipment manufacturer (OEM) type production and then exported, in the form of finished products, to places where final consumers reside.
Glossary
Published in Stuart M. Rosenberg, The Digitalization of the 21st Century Supply Chain, 2020
Also known as production smoothing, it is a technique for reducing the unevenness which in turn reduces waste. It was vital to the development of production efficiency in the Toyota Production System and lean manufacturing. The goal is to produce intermediate goods at a constant rate so that further processing may also be carried out at a constant and predictable rate.
Effects of downstream entry in a supply chain with a spot market
Published in IISE Transactions, 2019
Wei Xing, Qi Zhang, Xuan Zhao, Liming Liu
Herein, we construct a two-echelon supply chain with an upstream supplier selling intermediate goods to multiple downstream manufacturers via contract. The manufacturers use the intermediate goods to produce a homogeneous final product. A liquid spot market exists where the supplier and manufacturers can also trade the intermediate goods. Our model consists of three stages. In stage 1, the supplier, as a Stackelberg leader, sets the contract price of the intermediate goods given its exogenous capacity level. The assumption of exogenous capacity level is consistent with most industry practices (e.g., the U.S. beef industry). We also examine the endogenous capacity scenario in the extension. In stage 2, each manufacturer decides its contract (procurement) quantity for future delivery. In stage 3, the demand of the final product and the spot price of the intermediate goods are realized; manufacturers simultaneously decide their outputs of the final product and engage in a Cournot competition in the downstream market. At this stage, the supplier and manufacturers can trade the intermediate goods in the spot market.