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Beneficial Industrial Uses of Electricity: Metals Production
Published in Clark W. Gellings, 2 Emissions with Electricity, 2020
Modern plant design, coaxial current feeding and computer control, and regulation have achieved fully automatic remelting processes. With these designs, ESR offers very high, consistent, and predictable product quality. Controlled solidification improves soundness and structural integrity. Ingot surface quality is improved by the formation of a solidified thin slag skin between the ingot and mold wall. ESR has become the preferred method for producing high-performance super alloys.
Secondary Steelmaking Processes
Published in Vladimir B. Ginzburg, Steel-Rolling Technology, 1989
The ESR process cannot eliminate hydrogen; however, its production rate is greater than that of a VAR process. The ESR process allows one to obtain larger size ingots, up to 1520mm(60inches) in diameter for round ingots. Round, square, rectangular, and hollow-shaped ingots can be produced. Steel can be desulfurized to a level as low as 0.002%. The ingot surface quality is excellent, requiring little or no condition ing. However, the electro-slag remelting process is costly and usually limited to specialty products.
Suitability charts to select stabilizer for excavated soils and rocks (ESR)
Published in International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2023
Yi Lu, Eng-Choon Leong, Liang Zeng, Changhao Xu, Bingcheng Li
In China, the rapid development of subway networks has produced large quantities of excavated soils and rocks (ESR) from the tunnelling work. Disposal of ESR at landfills is a common approach to manage ESR, but this approach is becoming an expensive and almost impossible task, due to the limited landfill capacity available. Studies have demonstrated that ESR has great potential to be reused in civil engineering (Kataguiri et al. 2019; Oggeri, Fenoglio, and Vinai 2017, 2014; Oggeri and Ronco 2020; Rodrigues, Boscov, and Günther 2020) providing a sustainable construction practice (e.g. reduction of raw material extraction, reduction of dust pollution during ESR transportation, etc). Hence, recycling the ESR is becoming a preferred management approach in some countries.