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Testing of Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics and Their Recent Developments
Published in Asis Patnaik, Sweta Patnaik, Fibres to Smart Textiles, 2019
Areal density of a fabric is its mass/unit area (ASTM D3776-13 2013). Areal density can be expressed in ounces/square yard or grams/square metre (GSM). GSM is the metric system of expressing areal density of a fabric and is widely used in the textile industry. A GSM cutter, cutting pad and an electric balance can be used to find the GSM of the fabric. The fabric specimen is placed on the cutting pad and is cut using a GSM cutter (Figure 12.16). The area of the specimen is calculated, and the mass of the cut specimen is measured using an electronic balance. Using the mass and area of the fabric the, areal density can be calculated in GSM.
Asphalt Equipment
Published in John E. Schaufelberger, Giovanni C. Migliaccio, Construction Equipment Management, 2019
John E. Schaufelberger, Giovanni C. Migliaccio
The fleet productivity is governed by the productivity of the paving machine, which we found in Example 22.1 to be 2,000 square yards per hour. The equipment cost per square yard can now be estimated to be:
Turfgrass Establishment and “Grow-in”
Published in L.B. (Bert) McCarty, Golf Turf Management, 2018
One inconsistency within the turfgrass industry is the definition of a bushel for determining the planting rate of sprigs. A bushel of hybrid bermudagrass was originally determined by the amount of stolons and rhizomes required to plant a specific area. However, the introduction of lower growing varieties such as “Tifdwarf” necessitated a different planting rate than the taller growing “Tif” varieties. A bushel of turfgrass sprigs generally involves measuring the number of sprigs harvested by vertically removing all plant parts (rhizomes, stolons, stems, and leaves) to a soil depth of 2 inches (5 cm) from an area of 1 m2 or from 1 square yard. A square yard of bermudagrass or zoysiagrass sod will yield 2,000 to 4,000 sprigs. One square yard of St. Augustinegrass and centipedegrass will only yield 500 and 1,000 sprigs, respectively. The approximate number of stolons per bushel for bermudagrass is 2,000; for St. Augustinegrass it is 500, and zoysiagrass is 3,000. One square yard of sod yields 1,296 1-square-inch (6.5 cm2) plugs, 324 2-square-inch (13 cm2) plugs, or 81 4-square-inch (26 cm2) plugs.
Reliability analysis of flexible pavements based on the quantile-value method
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2023
Deepthi Mary Dilip, K.M. Nazeeh, G.L. Sivakumar Babu
The RBDO is implemented for a four-layer pavement section, adopting Equation 36. The cost function is. where and are the thickness are the cost of constructing and thickness of pavement layer respectively, is the asphalt layer cost per ton and is assumed to be $70/ton; are the base and subbase course cost per cubic yard (cy) and is assumed as $35/cy and $33/cy respectively; and is the estimated subgrade preparation cost per square yard (sy), which is approximately $2/sy (Luo et al. 2019).
Impact of warming temperature on asphalt pavement overlay performance and cost: case study in New Jersey
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2022
Since the pavement life varies depending on the overlay thickness, the annualised agency cost was calculated to quantify the economic impact caused by warming temperature, as shown in Equation (7). The net present value is the initial construction cost and the salvage value is zero assuming there is no remaining life after the pavement reaches the failure criteria. The initial construction cost is represented as a function of milling thickness and overlay thickness, as shown in Equation (8) (Zaghloul et al., 2006). where EUAC is equivalent uniform annual costs; NPV is net present value; is annuity factor; r is the discount rate, assumed 4% here; and t is the service life of pavement in years. where C is the initial construction cost in $ per square yard; M is the thickness of milling in inch; and Tac is the thickness of asphalt overlay in inch.
Deterministic and probabilistic life-cycle cost analysis of pavement overlays with different pre-overlay conditions
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2019
After the Bayesian analysis of the critical model parameter b1 was known, the probability distribution of overlay life for different pre-overlay SDI were calculated using the terminal SDI value of 2.4. Then, LCCA considering the variation in discount rate and treatment cost was conducted. The discount rate was assumed to be uniformly distributed from 1% to 7% to cover the majority of the possible fluctuation due to economic markets (Swei et al., 2013). The treatment cost was assumed normally distributed with 10% CV to account for a medium degree of variation (Harvey et al., 2012). The cost of minor rehabilitation was assumed to be $32 per square yard that is the same as the cost used in the deterministic analysis. In order to cover the scenarios with different treatment costs, the mean costs of major rehabilitation were assumed having two different cost ratios of 1.3 and 1.5 with respect to the cost of minor rehabilitation.