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Concrete superstructure
Published in Len Holm, John E. Schaufelberger, Construction Cost Estimating, 2021
Len Holm, John E. Schaufelberger
Estimating elevated structural slabs and beams presents some different estimating techniques. Both require bottom forms that are comprised of heavier temporary construction materials and thus costlier. The difficult item is the support of the forms. Concrete weighs approximately 150 pounds per cubic foot or over 4,000 pounds per cubic yard. An elevated beam that is 12 inches wide by 2 feet deep then weighs 300 pounds per foot of beam length, and if it were 20 feet long, the total weight is 6,000 pounds. The forms alone will not hold this weight, and supplemental supports are required. These temporary supports are termed ‘shoring’. The size and type of shoring depends upon the location of the concrete element. A beam that is 6 feet above a ground surface may only need pole jacks placed at selected intervals, while an elevated floor slab 20 feet up will require a system of heavy duty scaffolding. The ability of an estimator to determine the support system for elevated concrete depends on experience. There is an extreme risk associated with these support systems, and the estimator should seek outside structural engineering help to determine the correct system. The project owner’s design team will not assist with this means and methods evaluation.
Effective use of underground space for sustainable cities
Published in Daniele Peila, Giulia Viggiani, Tarcisio Celestino, Tunnels and Underground Cities: Engineering and Innovation meet Archaeology, Architecture and Art, 2020
S.W. Chiu, K.H. Lai, K.W. Cho, S.P. Lai
In United States, Kissimmee was the first municipality to develop an underground refuse system. 17 mail-box like underground refuse bins were built above 11-foot-deep dumpsters in the ground. The dumpster can contain about 6 cubic yards of garbage. A truck was specially designed such that a crane is attached to empty the waste into the vehicle. US$500,000 was used to develop the project (Jackson, 2017).
Effective use of underground space for sustainable cities
Published in Daniele Peila, Giulia Viggiani, Tarcisio Celestino, Tunnels and Underground Cities: Engineering and Innovation meet Archaeology, Architecture and Art, 2019
S.W. Chiu, K.H. Lai, K.W. Cho, S.P. Lai
In United States, Kissimmee was the first municipality to develop an underground refuse system. 17 mail-box like underground refuse bins were built above 11-foot-deep dumpsters in the ground. The dumpster can contain about 6 cubic yards of garbage. A truck was specially designed such that a crane is attached to empty the waste into the vehicle. US$500,000 was used to develop the project (Jackson, 2017).
Reliability analysis of flexible pavements based on the quantile-value method
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2023
Deepthi Mary Dilip, K.M. Nazeeh, G.L. Sivakumar Babu
The RBDO is implemented for a four-layer pavement section, adopting Equation 36. The cost function is. where and are the thickness are the cost of constructing and thickness of pavement layer respectively, is the asphalt layer cost per ton and is assumed to be $70/ton; are the base and subbase course cost per cubic yard (cy) and is assumed as $35/cy and $33/cy respectively; and is the estimated subgrade preparation cost per square yard (sy), which is approximately $2/sy (Luo et al. 2019).
Post-Earthquake Emergency Response Time to Locations of Fire Ignition
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2022
Amir Sarreshtehdari, Negar Elhami Khorasani
Considering typical building construction types, ρdebris is estimated as 0.5 ton per cubic yard (664.5 kg/m3) according to FEMA (2010), and ρinitial is derived from reported building weight values in Hazus. In order to verify the obtained density values from Hazus for intact condition, ρinitial for buildings with different construction type and height is calculated and compared with those of Hazus. Figure 8 shows the comparison of calculated versus Hazus values for ρinitial, where there is a relatively good agreement for steel, wood and mobile home structures, while Hazus predicts larger ρinitial values for concrete and masonry buildings. This discrepancy is likely due to different assumptions in concrete/masonry weight and type. It is concluded that the incorporated data in Hazus is on the conservative side and the debris volume fraction of buildings in this research will be calculated based on ρinitial values from Hazus.
Challenge of adopting relatively low strength and self-cured geopolymer for road construction application: a review and primary laboratory study
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2021
Peerapong Jitsangiam, Teewara Suwan, Kedsarin Pimraksa, Piti Sukontasukkul, Prinya Chindaprasirt
Vaidya et al. (2011) found that self-internal heat from a massive volume could be a heating source for geopolymer concrete production. Geopolymer concrete was cast in a cubic yard mold (91 × 91 × 91 cm). The maximum internal temperature, measured by embedded thermocouples, was 42°C on the first day and was reduced slowly to 35°C over the next 10 days (ambient temperature was 25–30°C). This approach pushed geopolymer concrete production into a low-to-medium heat curing condition, which could be counted as a latent heat curing for geopolymer concrete using large structures or infrastructures.