China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Secondary Treatment
Published in David H.F. Liu, Béla G. Lipták, Wastewater Treatment, 2020
In the midwest region of the United States, except for major population centers, the price of land is about $1500 per acre. Excavation costs vary and depend on whether dirt must be introduced or hauled away. If the dirt removed from the lagoon floor can be used for levee construction, excavation costs are roughly $2.00 per cu yd of dirt excavated. Levees are frequently compacted sufficiently by earthmoving equipment, but compacting equipment, if required, costs from $3 to $5 per cu yd. Synthetic lining material is expensive, and its use should be avoided wherever possible. The price for most plastic liners is about $1 per sq yd.
Environmental Due Diligence
Published in Benjamin Alter, Environmental Consulting Fundamentals, 2019
Aerial photographs vary widely in quality. The best aerial photographs are clear and have a scale large enough to be useful. However, even the best available aerial photographs typically do not offer a scale better than 1″ = 200′. It can be very difficult to discern features on an aerial photograph that are smaller than one acre or so in size (an acre is 43,560 square feet, or slightly larger than 1″ × 1″ on a 200-foot scale aerial photograph). Depending on the scale of the photograph, buildings may look like dots, so their usage cannot be easily interpreted. However, their presence or absence can be obvious. Integrating aerial photographic interpretations with other data sources can enhance the piecing together of the historic record.
The Content of the Site Plan
Published in Robert M. Sanford, Environmental Site Plans and Development Review, 2017
Each tract, lot, and structure on the site plan, as well as many features will be identified by area. A square measuring one acre is about 208 by 208 feet (43,560 square feet). A square mile is 640 acres. The metric system is used rarely in review of site plans, but it is found increasingly in scientific applications such as wildlife surveys, forestry management plans, and hydrogeology. Under the metric system, one hectare (ha) equals 2.47 acres (1 acre = 0.405 ha) and is equivalent to 10,000 square meters. A square meter equals 10.76 square feet.
Utilization of waste products as alternative landfill liner and cover materials – A critical review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2018
David A. Rubinos, Giovanni Spagnoli
As illustrated by Daniel (1993), the technical configuration of landfills may vary depending on the landfill type and the particular country legislation, although the presence of a low permeability barrier layer is an enforced common feature. Because of their very small particle size, high surface area, exchange capacity, swelling behavior, and very low K, clayey soils, clays (mostly bentonites) and clay containing materials (e.g. geosynthetic liners) have been traditionally used to construct cap and base landfill liners (Koch, 2002). However, clays are a valuable and limited resource, frequently not locally available, while artificial liner systems are rather expensive. The cost per acre of a clay liner may vary from $32,000 to $162,000, while the total cost per acre of installed geomembrane and geocomposite is $24,000-$35,000 and $33,000 to $44,000, respectively, which substantially increase the cost of the landfill to ca. $300,000-$800,000 per acre (Duffy, 2016). It is worth mentioning that such landfill lining technology is frequently beyond the financial and technological resources of the low income nations (Allen, 2001). Besides cost issues, use of conventional materials to line huge landfills supposes a high consumption of natural resources and exert a considerable impact on environment.