China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Occupational toxicology of the kidney
Published in Chris Winder, Neill Stacey, Occupational Toxicology, 2004
Presence of these substances in the urine may indicate injury to the glomerulus resulting in increased permeability and/or lack of reabsorption in the tubules. Proteinuria is often an early and sensitive indicator of renal injury. High molecular weight proteins in the urine indicate glomerular dysfunction, while low molecular weight proteins indicate tubular dysfunction. If large-scale loss of function has occurred (above 67–75% of renal mass) serum concentrations of small molecules such as urea, creatinine or low molecular weight proteins such as β2-microglobulin may be elevated. Additionally, enzymuria, the urinary excretion of enzymes, may also be of value although it is usually transient. Enzymes present on the brush border (for example, γ-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase) or more general indicators of cell damage (for example, lactate dehydrogenase) may be used.
Status of Cadmium, Lead, and Selenium in the Soils of Selected African Countries and Perspectives of their Effects on Human and Environmental Health
Published in P.M. Huang, I.K. Iskandar, M. Chino, T.B. Goh, P.H. Hsu, D.W. Oscarson, L.M. Shuman, Soils and Groundwater Pollution and Remediation, 2020
Chronic effects usually occur when humans are exposed to low Cd concentrations for longer periods of time and result in renal dysfunction and emphysema. The kidney (and to a lower extent and at short-term peak exposures, the lung) is the critical organ. Renal function may become depressed and may result, at the advanced stage, in a combination of tubular and glomerular effects, coupled with impaired reabsorption of proteins, amino acids, and glucose, and an increase in blood creatinine in certain cases. In its early stage, renal dysfunction is known to cause mild proteinuria. From a point of view of preventive medicine, the detection of early effects on the kidneys is of particular importance in order to prevent more serious renal effects, as well as effects on the lungs.
Application of PPG to Global Health
Published in Mohamed Elgendi, PPG Signal Analysis, 2020
Hypertension and proteinuria must both be present in order to diagnose PE;[170] thus, two separate instruments are required to measure these disease characteristics for diagnosis. At 20 weeks in the gestation period, a blood pressure cuff is used to check whether the subject’s blood pressure is 140 mm Hg (systolic), or ≥90 mm Hg (diastolic) in women with previously normal blood pressure. A urine test is also needed to check whether proteinuria is ≥0.3 g of protein in a 24-hour urine collection.[170] In developing countries, these two tests are commonly unavailable; thus, there is a need to improve (or replace) current diagnostic procedures with simple methodology.
The relationship between occupational noise exposure and hypertension using nearest age-matching method in South Korea male workers
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2021
In South Korea, GHCs are performed on local householders over 20 years old, including those covered by workplace health insurance. For blue-collar workers, GHCs are required annually. The GHC consists of routine medical history inquiries, physical examinations, and laboratory tests. The physical examination includes the measurement of subjects’ height, weight, SBP, and DBP. The laboratory tests include haemoglobin (Hb), total cholesterol (TC), and a simple urine dipstick test. For the purpose of this analysis, we used each group’s median systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), height, and weight; and their mean body mass index (BMI) and TC levels during the same period. BMI was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m2). Hypertension was defined as SBP higher than 140 mmHg or DBP more than 90 mmHg. Proteinuria was diagnosed by a simple urine dipstick test and was defined as the presence of more than 1+ protein on urine dipstick testing more than once during the same time period as the GHC.
A new one-dimensional copper(II) coordination polymer: crystal structure and treatment activity on diabetic nephropathy
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Pan-Pan Lin, Qiao-Ling Xie, Ling-Wei Chen
Diabetes is the main cause of end-stage renal disease, and diabetic nephropathy is a disease characterized by persistent microalbumin in diabetic patients. At first, the glomerular filtration rate of patients is high, which is twice over that of normal people.[1] Some patients occasionally combined with microalbuminuria, and after about 20 years, the patient gradually develops a decline in glomerular filtration rate, mild proteinuria, followed by moderate proteinuria;[2] in the final stage, this disease will develop into severe urine protein, accompanied by chronic renal insufficiency and nephrotic syndrome, eventually develops into end-stage renal disease.