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Foundations of electromagnetism
Published in Riadh Habash, BioElectroMagnetics, 2020
Traditional RAN has been the air interface in application since the beginning of cellular technology and has evolved through the generations (1G through 5G). Small low-powered cells such as RAN nodes having a range of few meters to few hundred meters in diameter will play an essential role in major applications of 5G. Small cells compromise three types namely femto (~0.1 km), pico (~1 km), and microcells (~2 km). However, a macrocell is used in the cellular network to offer radio coverage to a wide area of mobile network access (~2 km). By using small cells, the network can increase area spectrum efficiency by reusing a higher frequency [21]. Elements of the RAN comprise a base station that connects to sector antennas which cover a small region depending on their capacity and can handle the communication within this small sector only.
Artificial Intelligence for Infrastructure Monitoring and Traffic Optimization
Published in Mazin Gilbert, Artificial Intelligence for Autonomous Networks, 2018
Laurie Bigler, Vijay Gopalakrishnan
Topology: Network topology impacts spectral efficiency in the sense that the co-channel interference among neighboring cell sites largely depends on the inter-site distance (ISD). Interference tends to be higher in dense urban areas, where the average ISD is in the range of several hundred meters. Interference plays the most crucial role in determining spectral efficiency as it directly impacts the SINR. In 5G cellular networks, a large number of low-power small cells would be deployed along with macrocells in the so-called heterogeneous networks (HetNets), which provide flexible coverage areas. By enabling a reduction in the average radii of cells, HetNets promote improved spectral efficiencies due to the increased spectrum reuse, given that the co-channel interference is well managed [9]. AI/ML techniques are applicable to network topology (e.g., densification planning) as discussed in Section 13.4.4.
The Future of the Enterprise Lan
Published in Marcus K. Weldon, The Future X Network, 2018
Therefore, for applications that require a consistent quality of experience or session continuity while mobile, a cellular service is used. The macro cellular network or a distributed antenna system (DAS) — acting as a local repeater for an externally originated macro cellular signal — most often provides enterprise cellular coverage today. However, to meet the capacity and coverage requirements of the entire set of enterprise applications — as well as rising device density — what is needed are enterprise small cells, using licensed cellular spectrum. These small cells are typically deployed by mobile network operators and play a hybrid private/public access role in the enterprise, allowing private access to enterprise users within the enterprise location, but seamless hand-off to the public macro-cellular network, outside the enterprise. Initially, starting around 2010, small cells were deployed to provide indoor coverage for mobile communications due to the inferior penetration of the macro radio signal inside buildings. But with the increasing prevalence of mobile broadband data services, the data capacity they provide has become an important complement.
Use of real time localization systems (RTLS) in the automotive production and the prospects of 5G – A literature review
Published in Production & Manufacturing Research, 2022
Christoph Küpper, Janina Rösch, Herwig Winkler
As presented at the beginning of this section, 5G positioning is still under development. A lot of research is being conducted to analyze and improve the positioning capabilities. Early publications between 2015 and 2017 already mention the potential of 5G positioning. (Hakkarainen et al., 2015) already lists the potential of a future 5G ultra-dense small cell network and its opportunities to create advanced positioning systems. (Dammann et al., 2015) predict the possible accuracy to sub- meter level when a dense infrastructure setup of more than 1100 units per square kilometer are used for an outdoor environment. Furthermore, use cases such as assisted driving can benefit from a 5G positioning system along roads where simulated results achieve sub 30 cm accuracy for measurements ranging between 50 and 100 MHz (Jose A. Del Peral-Rosado et al., 2016). (Shahmansoori et al., 2017) go on to describe algorithms for position and rotation angle estimation.
User Association, Power Control and Channel Access Schemes for Two-Tier Macro-Femto Networks: CDF of SINR Analysis
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2022
Joydev Ghosh, Akhil Gupta, Hüseyin Haci, Zoltán Jakó
The access point of femtocell is known as femto access point (FAP) [5]. It improves coverage, QoS and reduces battery drain due to short range transmissions [6]. FAP is termed as Home Node B (HNB) in 3G and it is also termed as Home Evolved Node B (HeNB) in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and widely deployed in today's networks. Also it is expected that in 5G, small cells will be employed as primary access points. Femtocells are a strong candidate for small cell deployments in 5G and beyond networks. 5G technologies need to provide highly improved communication data rates and low latency. This paper investigates the opportunity of offloading to femtocells via user association rules to meet these requirements of future networks. It also articulates on computing the communications efficiency of two-tier networks by means of cumulative distribution function (CDF) of users' signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR). The main contributions of this paper are as follows:
Novel type-2 fuzzy logic technique for handover problems in a heterogeneous network
Published in Engineering Optimization, 2018
Mohamed Saeed, Hanan Kamal, Mona El-Ghoneimy
Long-term evolution (LTE) is a new radio access technology established to provide a smooth transition towards the fourth generation (4G) network (Dahlman 2007). LTE is designed to increase the capacity, coverage and speed compared to earlier wireless systems (Divya and Huseyin 2009). To satisfy the demands of high capacity and seamless data communication, small cells are more often being integrated into the traditional cellular network, forming a long-term evolution—advanced (LTE-A) network. The support of small cells was introduced in 3GPP release 10 for improvements to the LTE network. Munoz et al. (2013) found that, compared to the traditional macro-only cellular network, the deployment of small cells in macro cells can effectively increase the system performance. Small cells are also expected to improve spectrum utilization and to increase the received signal strength.