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Smart-Spaces in IoT
Published in Fadi Al-Turjman, Security in IoT-Enabled Spaces, 2019
Given that IoT is strongly connected to the 5G future networking paradigm, in this chapter, we are spotting the light on the 5G network where the femtocell is a main player. Femtocell is a cellular network base station that connect standard mobile devices to a mobile operator’s network using residential DSL, cable broadband connections, optical fiber or wireless last-mile technologies” [36]. It is an inexpensive compact base station providing equal radio access interface as a common macrocellular base station (MBS) towards User Equipment (UEs) [37]. It is a solution to offload from overloaded macrocells and increase the coverage area [36]. They are generally used for increasing indoor coverage and designed for use in a home or small business where there is a lack of cellular network or increasing the QoS (quality of service). It has advantages for both cellular operator and the smartphone user. For cellular operator, the main advantages stem from the increased coverage and capacity. Coverage area is widening due to eliminated loss of signals through buildings and capacity is increased by a reduction in total number of UEs that uses the macrocellular network. They use Internet instead of using cellular operator network. For customers, they have better service and improved coverage and signal strength since they are closer to the base station. Moreover, using femtocells leads to prolonged UE battery lifetime due to the close distance to the femtocell [36].
Mobility Management in Heterogeneous Wireless Systems
Published in K. R. Rao, Zoran S. Bojkovic, Bojan M. Bakmaz, Wireless Multimedia Communication Systems, 2017
K. R. Rao, Zoran S. Bojkovic, Bojan M. Bakmaz
To meet the upcoming exponential growth of mobile data traffic [1], operators are deploying more network infrastructures to make mobile systems closer to users, and thus increase spectrum efficiency and spatial reuse. The availability of wireless networks is the result of low-cost deployment of local points of attachment (PoA) and the operators’ short-term strategies of covering smaller geographic areas at low cost (such as deploying relay stations). The advantage of femtocells, for example, will certainly improve indoor coverage and provide reliable connectivity without the need for the cost-inefficient deployment of additional base stations. On the other hand, some dense urban areas will be served by a mix of overlapping access networks (e.g., Wi-Fi, WiMax) reaching different coverage. It is clear that mobile terminals (MTs) have been evolving from single-network interface phones to multitask devices with a number of connectivity capabilities. With the recent advances in software radio technology (see Chapter 2), most modern MTs are capable of communicating via different technologies.
Introduction
Published in Fadi Al-Turjman, Smart Things and Femtocells, 2018
Throughout the last decade, cellular networks have been experiencing a dramatic increase in mobile data traffic and the number of mobile-connected devices. According to Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI), mobile data traffic has increased 18 times over the past 5 years, and by 2021, it will increase to nearly seven times as much as it was in 2016. In addition, it is expected that the number of mobile-connected devices will be 11.6 billion by 2021, which will be more than the world’s estimated population at that time. Similar to the trends in this explosive growth in mobile broadband, cellular networks are also becoming more important as a significant part of the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT is envisaged as a network in which everyone and all objects are connected anytime and anywhere. To cope with the rapid growth in the number of communication devices as well as the dramatic increase in mobile data traffic in the IoT era, Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) have been trying to find solutions to increase capacity and coverage of the networks, and provide services at higher quality levels. Femtocells proved to be a promising solution in this regard. A femtocell is a cell that provides cellular coverage and is served using a Femto Base Station (FBS). At first, FBSs were generally installed by the end users in indoor environments in order to have better mobile coverage and capacity. Nowadays, MNOs are utilizing FBSs in rural and highly populated outdoor environments as well. From the operators’ point of view, deployment of femtocells can reduce the need for adding costly macro base station towers, which is one of the most important advantages of femtocells’ deployment.
Hierarchical power control model for interference mitigation in a two – Tier heterogeneous network
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2019
O. I. Ladipo, A. O. Gbenga-Ilori
The need to improve the services provided by the macrocells to their user equipment to meet up with the demand of the continuously growing subscriber has birthed the development of smaller networks such as microcells, picocells, and femtocells. Femtocells have been given a closer consideration among these small networks, because of its smaller coverage area (Chandrasekhar, Andrews, & Gatherer, 2008), cost-effectiveness, and its ability to improve voice and data reception in the indoor environment (Chandrasekhar et al., 2008; Saad, Ismail, & Nordin, 2013). Femtocells operate within the licensed spectrum strictly allocated by the network operator to provide data and voice services to user terminals and are easily deployed by customers with minimal or no radio frequency planning (Saad et al., 2013).
User Association, Power Control and Channel Access Schemes for Two-Tier Macro-Femto Networks: CDF of SINR Analysis
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2022
Joydev Ghosh, Akhil Gupta, Hüseyin Haci, Zoltán Jakó
The telecommunication industry has seen an explosion in a variety of applications and services, such as network gaming, video streaming and social networking as now a days these have become part of peoples' life. Consequently, the amount of mobile devices, the request for data rates and data traffic are continuously increasing. Globally each year, the amount of mobile broadband subscribers is rising by about 25 per cent, and it is predicted to be 7.7 billion by 2021 [1] and mobile data to be 351 exabytes by 2025 [2]. Future wireless networks need to be able to convey much more data (the fifth-generation (5G) networks are predicted to convey 1000 times the volume of mobile data compared to the fourth-generation (4G) networks) in order to accommodate such number of users with very large data communication requirements channel capacity should be increased drastically. Increasing communication channel bandwidth and signal quality are the two important and desirable properties to improve the channel capacity. The radio frequency spectrum has always been a scarce resource for wireless communication due to being a limited natural resource that cannot be fabricated [3]. Thus there has been a lot of research to increase the communication's signal quality. Multiple-Input–Multiple-Output (MIMO), Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS), Device-to-Device (D2D), Cloud Radio Access Networks (C-RAN) and Non-orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) are interesting concepts for 5G and beyond networks that aim to improve signal quality [2]. Another interesting concept that can significantly increase the signal quality is the use of femtocells [4]. It has been observed that macrocells alone could not provide the quality of service (QoS) to the indoor user due to the signal's inefficiency to penetrate through the walls. Femtocells are low power base station that converts the centralized cellular networks into distributed networks, typically used for indoor or at the cell edge communication. These can also be understood as a subset of the small cell concept, in which around 4–16 mobile devices can be connected for simultaneous communication. Besides bringing the antenna closer to the user to improve the signal quality, femtocell can be easily integrated with other interesting signal processing mechanisms, such as MIMO, C-RAN and NOMA for even better signal quality. This is another important advantage of Femtocell that makes it an interesting open research topic for 5G and beyond networks. Hence this paper studies femtocell-based networks with their specific properties and related new research dimensions.
Architect’s role to improve in-building wireless coverage
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2020
Mohammad Tanvir Kawser, Zebun Nasreen Ahmed
The base station can also be employed only for the specific support of Internet of Things (IoT), and in this regard, three competing platforms, namely, Sigfox, Long Range (LoRa), and Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) have become popular. Here, Sigfox and LoRa are two proprietary technologies from companies whereas NB-IoT is the development from 3GPP as a feature of the conventional 4 G/5 G cellular system. All these technologies operate at low data rate and low power, and thus, match the requirements of most of the IoT devices. Sigfox and LoRa use unlicensed industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) radio bands. On the other hand, NB-IoT is a feature of the conventional 4 G/5 G cellular system, and so, it uses the licensed bands. At present, NB-IoT is more expensive compared to Sigfox and LoRa (Mekkia et al., 2019). However, the cost of NB-IoT will gradually decrease, and it will emerge with many advantages (5G Americas, 2019). In-Building Solutions (IBS): The cellular service can be generated inside the building using an in-building solution (IBS). This is primarily used for large buildings, where proper wireless coverage can be very difficult with signal from the outside base station, due to heavy penetration losses. IBS can be of the following types (The HetNet Forum, 2013). Femtocells: Femtocells are very small cellular base stations, designed for use within residential buildings, and in small commercial buildings or premises.Picocells: Picocells are small cellular base stations, suited for small and medium-sized buildings and premises.Distributed Antenna System (DAS): DAS provides efficient distribution of wireless connections inside large buildings, by routing signals through cables, from a single small base station to multiple antennas, located throughout the building.Small Source in the Building: A number of solutions exist, which use small devices to generate wireless service in the building. However, these small devices are often connected to the outside cellular base stations, for backhaul. These solutions include Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Bluetooth, Z-Wave, and Thread (Pradeep et al., 2016). These solutions differ in their capabilities, costs, and popularities. Besides, WiGig is introduced for a very high data rate and it uses high frequency, which is around 60 GHz (Chakkravarthy et al., 2019).