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Green Transmission Technologies and Network Protocols
Published in Gurjit Kaur, Akanksha Srivastava, Green Communication Technologies for Future Networks, 2023
Mani Shekhar Gupta, Akanksha Srivastava, Ashok Kumar
The exponential evolution in the call for real-time services and higher data rates in communication systems needs a denser installation of base stations within coverage areas of network. The macro cells are usually installed to cover a large region and are not capable to offer high data rates. This problem can be resolved by minimizing the propagation separation between the mobile nodes, hence minimizing the transmission energy (Hawasli et al. 2017). Therefore, green network integrated solutions based on small size cells like femtocell, microcell, and picocell are very hopeful in next generation networking. A typical green communication-based heterogeneous wireless network positioning is represented in Figure 3.10. A picocell/microcell is a cell in the wireless communication system served by a low-energy base station that covers the small region with populated traffic areas like airports, shopping malls, railway platforms, schools, residential areas, bus stations and hotels etc.
Cellular Systems
Published in Lal Chand Godara, Handbook of Antennas in Wireless Communications, 2018
When cell sizes are reduced below about 100 m covering areas such as large rooms, corridors, underground stations, large shopping centers, and so on, cellular systems are sometimes referred to as picocell systems with antennas mounted below rooftop levels or in buildings. These in-building areas have different propagation conditions than those covered by macrocell and microcell systems, and thus require different considerations for developing channel models. Details on various models to predict propagation conditions may be found in Reference [24]. Sometimes the picocell and microcell systems are also referred to as cordless communication systems with the term cellular identifying a macrocell system. Mobiles within these smaller cell systems are called cordless terminals or cordless phones [1, 6, 42].
Product Development
Published in Saad Z. Asif, 5G Mobile Communications Concepts and Technologies, 2018
A femtocell is a low-power, short range, self-contained base station. These were initially developed for indoor use in residential homes, but now they encompass higher capacity units for enterprise, rural, and metropolitan areas. A picocell is a low power compact base station used in enterprise or public indoor areas. A microcell, on the other hand, is a short-range base station aimed at enhancing coverage for both indoor and outdoor users where macro coverage is insufficient. When installed indoors, it provides coverage and capacity in areas above the scope of a picocell. Such small cells and traditional macro cells, if deployed in a network, together form a HetNet. A HetNet or (Heterogeneous Network) is a mobile network which consists of macrocells, small cells, and in some cases, WiFi access points, and different radio access technologies which work hand in hand to provide coverage with handoff capabilities between them.
Performance Analysis of a Dynamic Spectrum Assignment Technique for 6G
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
For deriving the aforementioned, we assume that and denote the amount of macrocells and the amount of picocells in every microcell of an MSP, respectively. We also assume that the buildings/homes covered through every macrocell in an MSP are denoted as . Further, the amount of small cells, , is assumed to be the same for all the homes/buildings such that . For an MSP , the power transmitted through a macrocell, picocell, and a small cell is denoted as , , and , respectively. Lastly, the execution time of the simulation experiments is denoted as such that .
A Bidirectional RoF System for the Multi-Band Signal with Mitigation of the Nonlinear Effects
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
This work shows bidirectional multi-band optical frequency multiplication (OFM) based signal generation and transmission through a single SMF, with baseband, microwave, and mm-wave signals transmitted over a single fiber[19]. In practice, the baseband signal at 10 GHz can serve the small cell ranging 30 km, the mm-wave at 40 GHz can be accessed by the picocell ranging 300 m, and 70 GHz mm-wave can be accessed by the femtocell ranging in 10 m. By reducing the fiber demand, this approach enables simultaneous multi-serve applications and improves the transmission capacity. With double, the RF LO frequency spacing and LN-MZM1 generate second-order DSB and carrier. The 16-QAM OFDM-based downlink signal modulates the positive second-order sideband. A 5Gbps pseudo-random bit sequence (PRBS) generator generates the downlink signal, which is mapped by a 16-QAM modulator. An OFDM modulator modulates the 16-QAM downlink data to generate the OFDM-based 16-QAM sequence[20]. To generate a multi-band downlink signal, the modulated positive and negative sidebands are combined with the carrier [17]. The BS receives the generated multi-band downlink signal via a bidirectional fiber. The unused sidebands of the multi-band downlink signal can be utilized as the carrier for uplink transmission at BS. The complexity is decreased because of the BS-free laser source. A high-speed PD converts the optical downlink multi-band transmission to a downlink electrical multi-band signal. The electrical filter is used to acquire the desired band based on the requirements of the user. The 16-QAM uplink data is modulated on the extracted reversed carrier at the BS and transmitted to the CS via the same fiber. A PD converts the optical uplink mm-wave signal into an electrical signal at CS. Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) produces the backscattering and reflection from the co-propagating downlink and uplink[21]. For realistic optical fiber, the SPM and XPM can be examined, and the system performance in terms of EVM is analyzed. To test the proposed model, a bidirectional multi-band RoF link for wireless transmission is built on the simulation tool for 10 GHz baseband, 40, and 70 GHz mm-wave signals, and nonlinear effects are studied and mitigated without sophisticated DSP[22–24]. The proposed model can also be used for the implementation of 5G NR Fi-Wi implementation front-haul. The proposed research enables the telecoms to opt the low wireless transmit power by employing fiber backbone which would replace the high transmit power wireless transmission which was very hazardous to the environment.