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Bandwidth Allocation Scheme with QoS Provisioning for Heterogeneous Optical and Wireless Networks
Published in Mahmoud Elkhodr, Qusay F. Hassan, Seyed Shahrestani, Networks of the Future, 2017
Siti H. Mohammad, Nadiatulhuda Zulkifli, Sevia Mahdaliza Idrus, Arnidza Ramli
The backhaul is the network that connects the base stations to the core network. This network could be of copper, fiber, or microwave technology. In fact, the use of satellite technology as a backhaul is expected in 6G in which it enables the global coverage area. This will increase performance, efficiency, and reliability and allow limitless expansion because airwaves cannot be overcrowded (Karki and Garia, 2016). On the other hand, the next-generation wireless network, which is 7G, will be the most advanced compared to its predecessors. 7G systems can be supported by global navigational satellite systems using techniques such as OFDM and FEC for the speed of the communication process (Karki and Garia, 2016).
Relay-Assisted FSO Communications
Published in Z. Ghassemlooy, W. Popoola, S. Rajbhandari, Optical Wireless Communications, 2019
Z. Ghassemlooy, W. Popoola, S. Rajbhandari
The third and fourth generation (3G/4G) mobile networks have experienced a growing increase in data traffic. The service providers are faced with the challenge of addressing the bandwidth bottleneck at both backhaul and last mile access networks in order to increase the network capacity. The well-established radio frequency (RF) and optical fibre communications technologies will continue to be used at the backhaul. However, operators may also consider alternative technologies to overcome the spectrum congestion in certain applications, thus ensuring the most efficient use of the RF spectrum in highly dense traffic areas. This could include point-to-multipoint links in urban and rural areas where the RF spectrum is becoming scarce and costly. To increase the bandwidth and transmission capacity, service providers are considering moving to higher carrier frequencies (i.e., 40 and 80 GHz bands or beyond), but at the cost of reduced transmission coverage, which has adverse effects on the cost (i.e., deployment, site rental, maintenance, equipment, etc.). Alternatively, the free space optical (FSO) communications-based technology can be adopted to address the aforementioned problems, particularly in last mile access networks at much-reduced cost compared to RF-based schemes. FSO systems are mostly used for line-of-sight (LOS) applications, thus offering similar capabilities as optical fibre communications with such attractive features as a huge bandwidth, no licensing fee, inherent security, low cost of installation and maintenance, and immunity to electromagnetic interference[1], [2]. Data rates Rd up to 10 Gbps are readily available in commercial FSO systems operating over a linkspan of a few kilometers [3] and up to 1.6 Tbps over an 80-meter single outdoor link based on the dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) technique reported in [4].
Performance Analysis of Radio Over Fiber System Employing Photonics Antenna and Different Modulation Schemes
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Wireless local area network (WLAN) is a very famous and popular technology in today’s world of communication. The technology of wireless, as well as wired networks, is a major solution to the intensely growing demand of bandwidth [1]. It is one of the most important ways to attain good broadband services and thus backhaul is used to deliver the required bandwidth to the customers [2]. Backhaul is basically a term which is used in telecommunication to connect the core network with the smaller sub-networks. For wireless backhaul extension of fiber network, it is needed to convert baseband optical fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) to baseband electrical signal. After that, it needs formatting with WLAN and WiMAX protocol to form the radio frequency (RF) wireless signal which is radiated using antenna resonating at a particular frequency. With the extension of optical fiber backhaul network, it becomes possible for WLAN signal to coexist with Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet and UWB signal in optical fiber.