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Middleware—A New Frontier for Building Systems and Analytics
Published in John J. “Jack” Mc Gowan, Energy and Analytics, 2020
Wide area networks are applied on a very limited scale for BAS, energy and analytics, yet the concept bears noting because it provides useful context for discussion of networking via the internet, particularly virtual private networks (VPNs). A wide area network (WAN) is a network that covers a larger geographic area, rather than a building, campus, etc., (i.e., any telecommunications network that links across metropolitan, regional, national or international boundaries) using leased telecommunication lines. Business and government entities utilize WANs to relay data among employees, clients, buyers, and suppliers from various geographical locations. The key distinction between WANs and the discussions that will unfold with virtual private networks, etc. is that these networks typically utilize telecommunications systems, unlike VPNs which use the internet. Features of the internet like “always on” and the simplicity of transmitting large volumes of data using a wide range of data formats, as well as a more advantageous cost, have made internet-based solutions, such as a virtual private network, the preferred approach for analytics systems today.
Circuit-switched Telephone Networks
Published in Goff Hill, The Cable and Telecommunications Professionals' Reference, 2012
A telecommunication network is required to transmit messages between any of its users (who are usually called customers or subscribers), and the messages may be conveyed by signals that are either digital or analogue. A digital signal can have only discrete values. The simplest digital signal is a binary signal having only two values. Binary-coded data from a digital computer is an obvious example. However, multilevel signals are also used. An analogue signal is a continuous function of time and at any instant it can have any value between limits set by the maximum power that can be transmitted. A speech signal is an obvious example. A television signal is a mixture of analogue and digital, since it transmits both picture contents and synchronizing pulses.
Telecommunications
Published in Jay Liebowitz, The Handbook of Applied Expert Systems, 2019
A telecommunications network is a complex aggregate of switches and a transmission medium, which together provide a multiplicity of channels over which many customers’ messages and associated control signals can be transmitted. The telecommunications network provides access to different types of circuits and services that use them. Network switch software is one of the most complex software systems in the world. These networks must be managed carefully for efficient and reliable operation.
Perceived importance and difficulty of online activities among visually impaired persons in Nigeria
Published in Assistive Technology, 2020
Patrick Emeka Okonji, Olatokunbo Christopher Okiki, Darlington Ogwezzy
Internet access is increasingly widespread in Nigeria. Report from telecommunications network on Nigeria’s internet usage suggests that percentage penetration has increased from 33% in 2013 to 39% in 2015 (Poushter, 2016). With increasing penetration rate, more activities are going online and many Nigerians are increasingly communicating online with family and friends, as well as working, shopping, seeking information, and managing their time online. For all of the internet’s pervasiveness, studies of access to computers and information communication technologies (ICTs) remind us that, globally, there remain significant differences in access to and use of ICTs along demographic and socioeconomic strata, with disability in particular identified as an important factor (Hollier, 2007). In many countries, people with disabilities are less likely to be online (Van Deursen, Helsper, & Eynon, 2016) and people with vision disabilities are even much less likely than their sighted peers to use the internet (Kent, 2015).