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Control of plants with limited communication
Published in Longo Stefano, Tingli Su, Herrmann Guido, Barber Phil, Optimal and Robust Scheduling for Networked Control Systems, 2018
Longo Stefano, Tingli Su, Herrmann Guido, Barber Phil
In a network, messages are exchanged among the various nodes in the form of packets. In data networks (e.g. Ethernet), data are sent occasionally and in large packets. It is essential that all packets reach their destination and, although short transmission delays are desirable, longer delays are not critical. On this type of network, a great effort is made to maximize the amount of information in a packet, hence, large packets are used to reduce the ratio between actual data and overheads. Contrary to data networks, data in control networks (e.g. Controller Area Network) are continuously transmitted in smaller packets. It is essential that packets meet their critical time requirements. Packet loss, delays and non-determinism seriously affect the stability and performance of the networked system and may not be acceptable for safety-related control systems. Often only ‘fresh’ data are considered useful.
Parallel and high-performance systems
Published in Joseph D. Dumas, Computer Architecture, 2016
In order to understand the operation of interconnection networks in parallel systems, we must first define some terms and concepts that we will use to describe and compare the many types of networks that are and have been used in such systems. First, a node is any component (a processor, memory, switch, complete computer, etc.) that is connected to other components by a network. (Another way to say this is that each node is a junction point in the network.) In an array processor, each processing element (or PE–memory combination if main memory is local to the PEs) might constitute a node. In a symmetric multiprocessor, each CPU and each shared memory module would be a node. In a multicomputer, each individual computer is considered a node.
Introduction and Background Study
Published in Sanjeev J. Wagh, Manisha Sunil Bhende, Anuradha D. Thakare, Energy Optimization Protocol Design for Sensor Networks in IoT Domains, 2023
Sanjeev J. Wagh, Manisha Sunil Bhende, Anuradha D. Thakare
A protocol is said to be a distance-vector if its nodes can manipulate distance vectors or arrays to other nodes in the network. This signifies that the protocol's nodes interact with one another within the domain. To have an effective interaction between nodes, computation complexity, and message overhead must be kept to a minimum, and each node must notify other nodes of any changes in topology. The network topology is the pattern of organization in which nodes in a network are connected. A distance-vector protocol always computes the direction (the next hop's address) and distance (the cost to reach a node) to any node in the network. Every node maintains a vector with the shortest distance to every other node.
Topological structure and COVID-19 related risk propagation in TFT-LCD supply networks
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2023
Xiongping Yue, Dong Mu, Chao Wang, Huanyu Ren, Pezhman Ghadimi
Due to the uneven geographical distribution of TFT-LCD panel production and consumption, TFT-LCD supply networks have been designed and have become complex systems. From a structural perspective, these supply networks can be regarded as a set of nodes (firms) and links (interfirm cooperation) (Borgatti and Li 2009). A network’s topological structure is how the nodes in the network are connected by links or edges (Kang et al. 2019). Understanding the topological structure of TFT-LCD supply networks is beneficial because the structure always affects function (Wiedmer and Griffis 2021). The structure of TFT-LCD supply networks is important because it influences the behaviour, relationships, and performance of firms (Basole and Bellamy 2014; Basole 2016). In addition, the structure of TFT-LCD supply networks can affect many aspects of these networks, including the availability and distribution of materials and information. Therefore, understanding the topological structure is the first step in understanding the behaviour of TFT-LCD supply networks.
Do the mobility patterns for city taxicabs impact road safety?
Published in IISE Transactions, 2021
Our second explanatory variable is the degree of a zone in the NYC taxi OD network. The degree of a node in a network is defined as the number of neighbors of the node. In the context of the NYC taxi pickup and drop-off network, the degree of a zone is measured as the number of originating or terminating links connected to that zone. For example, in January 2018, the degree of zone-ID 30 (i.e., Broad Channel in Queens) is 11, signifying that in total 11 links exist between Broad Channel and 11 neighboring zones. As a demonstration, in Figure 1 the degree of zone 244 is three – it has links with neighboring zones 159, 243, and 248. Similarly, the zones 100, 147, 243, 248, and 260 have degree 1 – all these zones have one neighboring zone. For every month in 2018, we estimate the degree of each zone in the network. In general, the degree of a zone i () is given by Please note, takes value one if there exists a route between zones i and j in a month; otherwise, takes value zero. Furthermore, N denotes the total number of zones. Thus, in our data, the maximum possible size of the adjacency matrix is
Wireless body area networks: a comprehensive survey
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2020
Bahae Abidi, Abdelillah Jilbab, El Haziti Mohamed
The network topology is the organisation of the network, including the connecting lines and all its nodes. It is one of the major problems of the conception of the body sensor network. It influences the functional performance of the system like routing protocols, energy consumption, traffic load and node robustness. The network topology is categorised into two topologies concerning the concept of the hop: the single hop topology where sensor nodes can communicate directly with the base station, which means all sensors node are one hop away from the base station and multi-hop topology where the sensed data will reach the base station through one or more biosensors. The research was done to examine the reliability of multi-hop and single hop topology. Packet delivery ratio was used as metric to measure the reliability and it was found from their results that the multi-hop topology is much reliable than single hop topology [14].