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Network Theory
Published in Andy Bailey, Network Technology for Digital Audio, 2013
The US Department of Defense (DoD) initiated the early work on network technology in the early 1960s. The project to investigate the ability to maintain command and control over missiles and bombers after a nuclear attack was named as the Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork (ARPANET) and focused on the distribution of data (Kristula, 1997). The research produced a document that described several ways to accomplish this and the final proposal was a packet switched network, described thus: Packet switching is the breaking down of data into datagrams or packets that are labelled to indicate the origin and the destination of the information and the forwarding of these packets from one computer to another computer until the information arrives at it.final destination computer. This was crucial to the realization of a computer network. If packets are lost at any given point, the message can be resent by the originator.Paul Barran, RAND Corporation, 1962
Transport Networks and Protocols
Published in Mário Marques da Silva, Cable and Wireless Networks, 2018
Packet switching involves the segmentation of a message into small pieces of data, and each piece is switched independently by the network nodes. Each piece of data is referred to as a packet. In order to allow its routing by the network nodes, each packet contains additional information (overhead) in a header. Moreover, each node of a packet switching network is able to store packets, in case it is not possible to send it due to temporary congestion. In this case, the time for message transmission is not guaranteed here, but this value is kept within reasonable limits, especially if quality of service (QoS) is offered.
Basic ATM Concepts
Published in Abhijit S. Pandya, Ercan Sen, for Broadband Telecommunications Networks, 2018
ATM technology can also be viewed as the next stage in the evolution of packet switching and circuit-switching technologies. Packet switching as the name suggests is a method in which long messages are subdivided into short packets and then transmitted through a communications network. In case of circuit switching a dedicated communications path is established through one or more intermediate switching nodes. Digital data are sent as a continuous stream of bits and the data rate is guaranteed. Delay in this case is limited to propagation time.
Seismic risk analysis of a data communication network
Published in Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 2022
Simona Esposito, Alessio Botta, Melania De Falco, Adriana Pacifico, Eugenio Chioccarelli, Antonio Pescapè, Antonio Santo, Iunio Iervolino
The information exchanged between the end-hosts (e.g., a web page, an image, or a voice flow) is fragmented in a number of pieces called packets. Each of these packets is then transmitted through the network, where each of the intermediate devices does packet switching; i.e., receives the packet first, inspects some part of the packet content (e.g., to find the intended destination), and finally forwards it through a specific link to a certain next intermediate device or to the destination end-host. All such packets constitute the so-called network traffic, which is therefore flowing on the links of the network, handled by the intermediate devices, and coming from and going to all the possible end-hosts in the network.