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Cable
Published in Amitava Sil, Saikat Maity, Industrial Power Systems, 2022
Cables are laid underground through cable trenches for transmission/distribution of power. Unlike in overhead lines, air does not form part of the insulation, and the conductor must be completely insulated. Thus, cables are much more costly than overhead lines. Also, unlike for overhead lines where tappings can easily be given, cables must be connected through cable boxes which provide the necessary insulation for the joint. Cables are of two types in terms of voltage level: (i) Low-voltage power and control cables pertain to electrical cables that typically have a voltage grade of 0.6/1 kV or below and (ii) Medium/High voltage cables pertain to cables used for electric power transmission at medium and high voltage (usually from 1 to 33 kV are medium voltage cables and those over 50 kV are high-voltage cables).
Mechanical, electrical, and conveyance systems
Published in Len Holm, John E. Schaufelberger, Construction Cost Estimating, 2021
Len Holm, John E. Schaufelberger
Electrical work generally is divided into two primary categories: line voltage and low voltage. Each of these also has several subcategories. All of electrical was formerly in CSI division 16 but is now split into divisions 26 (service and distribution), 27 (communications), and 28 (security). Line voltage includes service and distribution of primary electrical, including lights and power for receptacles, and equipment, including mechanical equipment. Service is the power from the utility connection to and through the main service panel. Distribution is the wiring, switches, receptacles, and connections within the building. Low voltage electrical includes several subcategories including fire alarm, controls for mechanical systems, low-voltage lighting control, audio-visual systems, televisions, telephones, data, and security. Security includes alarm systems, card readers, and cameras.
Gamma-Imaging Devices Based on Position-Sensitive Photomultipliers
Published in Salah Awadalla, Krzysztof Iniewski, Solid-State Radiation Detectors, 2017
PSPMTs in the near future. These can now be mounted on printed circuit boards in arrays of 50 × 50 mm2 size (or other convenient formats) to be used in a similar way to the PSPMTs. SiPMs are of smaller size than PSPMT pads; that is, when arranged in arrays, they offer higher intrinsic spatial resolution than the pads of the H8500. Further, they offer the advantages of lower costs and low-voltage operation. They are almost unaffected by magnetic fields and thus can be applied in combined PET nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) systems. However, the temperature dependence of the SiPM gain has to be kept under control, and cooling significantly below room temperature is often necessary. A convenient readout scheme for an array of SiPMs is based on application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), on which the large number of input channels is reduced in a flexible, user-defined manner. The first studies for PET applications with continuous crystals have been published [33,34] and are ongoing.
Hybrid DE/FFA algorithm applied for different optimal reactive power dispatch problems
Published in Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2020
When loss alone is minimised, the load bus voltages become unacceptably low values. This low voltage situation may affect the performance of electrical equipment. Reactive power should be so adjusted that it ensures about 1.0 p.u. voltage at almost all the load buses. Here, in addition to loss sum of voltage deviation is also taken as the objective term. The effectiveness of the algorithm is compared against its basic version in Table 3. Though the sum of voltage deviation obtained by DE/FFA is slightly higher the loss minimisation is good.