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Published in Philip A. Laplante, Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering, 2018
for any admissible di ; i = 1, 2, . . . , N . The nonzero-sum game may admit more than one Nash equilibrium solution with outcomes different in each case. Since the total ordering among N-tuples of numbers does not exist, it is usually not possible to declare one of them as the most favorable. Nevertheless, some of strategies may be viewed as better than other ones if the respective outcomes are in partial order. With this notion of betterness, a Nash equilibrium strategy N-tuple is admissible if there exists no better one. In the case when the game is played, many times in the same conditions, the Nash equilibrium may be defined for average values of the cost functional and mixed strategies. NASTRAN a widely used computer code for mechanical and structural analysis, such as for opto-mechanical and thermal analyses. National Electrical Code (NEC) a standard for electrical construction, published by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 70-1). The National Electrical Code is often adopted
Photovoltaic Systems
Published in Moncef Krarti, Energy-Efficient Electrical Systems for Buildings, 2017
The photovoltaic power industry has originated from the efforts of a few determined individuals with a commitment to clean and renewable energy sources. Unfortunately, most of these pioneers had little electrical systems expertise. Even until recently, several PV dealers and installers lacked adequate knowledge and training in building electrical systems. Contrary to a common popular belief, PV systems are at least as complicated to be properly designed and installed as the electrical distribution systems for buildings. Not only must the National Electrical Code (NEC) requirements for building electrical systems be followed, but additional requirements for PV systems and outdoor, sunlight-exposed locations must be met. Another complication is the inherent presence of direct current (DC) electricity within PV systems. DC systems are much less familiar to most electricians than alternating current (AC) circuits. Moreover, and despite their lower voltage, DC systems can be as dangerous as AC circuits, as noted in Chapter 5. It should be noted that NEC is not as nearly as comprehensive on DC as it is on AC systems. Components rated for DC are not as widely available as those rated for AC and are often expensive due to both low production levels and the inherent difficulty of handling DC currents. Finally, some PV equipment manufacturers do not have their equipment properly listed to specify their electrical performance and requirements.
Occupational Health and Safety
Published in Terry Jacobs, Andrew A. Signore, Good Design Practices for GMP Pharmaceutical Facilities, 2016
In the United States, all electrical installations must conform to the National Electrical Code (NEC). This standard specifies all installation requirements for equipment and wiring of all voltages. Other countries have similar regulatory requirements and electrical standards. Design and installation should only be done by qualified electrical engineers and licensed electricians. A valuable international reference is the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The IEC provides information on identifying and comparing electrical standards and equipment from varying countries (Figure 15.6).
A Comprehensive Review on Solar Powered Electric Vehicle Charging System
Published in Smart Science, 2018
Saadullah Khan, Aqueel Ahmad, Furkan Ahmad, Mahdi Shafaati Shemami, Mohammad Saad Alam, Siddiq Khateeb
The J1772 Standard EV coupler [103] is designed for 10,000 connections and disconnections with exposure to dust, salt, and water; is able to withstand a vehicle driving over it, and is corrosion resistant. The J1772 Standard and National Electrical Code (NEC) requirements create multiple safety layers for EV components [104], such as:Table 4The EV coupler – Engineered to have safety features like (i) Prevention of inadvertent disconnection. (ii) The grounded pole that is for to make contact first and the last to break contact. (iii) Interlock device that prevents vehicle startup while connected. (iv) Unique to EV charging and cannot be used for other purposes.The EV inlet – (i) must be de-energized until it is attached to the EVSE. (ii) will also de-energize prior to removal of the connector (Table 4).
Impact of Wiring Resistance on PV Array Configurations in Harvesting the Maximum Power Under Static and Dynamic Shading Conditions
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Kandipati Rajani, Tejavathu Ramesh
KYOCERA-KC200GT PV module of size 1.425 m × 0.99 m has been considered for PV array. The continuous arrangement has been taken for modules in a column as shown in Figure 3(a). The Isc of each PV module is 8.21 A and hence in a column to connect the modules in series, the wire must have an ampacity of 1.56 × Isc = 12.8 A as per National Electrical Code (NEC) [48]. For the ampacity of 12.8 A, 16 American Wire Gauge (AWG) wires have to be used and the resistance per km wire length is 13.2 ohms. Wire covering the length of one module has a resistance R = 0.0132 × 1.425 = 0.0187 ohms.
A comprehensive investigation of a solar array with wire length under partial shading conditions
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Vijay Laxmi Mishra, Yogesh K. Chauhan, K.S. Verma
Several solar modules are connected with the help of wires to generate electricity from them. During the reconfiguration process, more wires are needed because the modules are physically relocated. This study incorporates a polycrystalline solar module SYN-10W rating. The size of the wire for solar module connections is decided by its current carrying ability. Thus, as per the National Electrical Code (NEC) wire should have the ampacity of 1.56. So, a 12 American Wire Gauge (AWG) is chosen for this purpose (Wiles 2001).