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Acceleration
Published in Rob Appleby, Graeme Burt, James Clarke, Hywel Owen, The Science and Technology of Particle Accelerators, 2020
Rob Appleby, Graeme Burt, James Clarke, Hywel Owen
Another method of generating high voltages is to store energy in a capacitor bank over a long period of time and discharge it over a shorter timescale providing a high voltage and current simultaneously for a short period. Several MW or even GW of power in nanosecond to microsecond pulses can be created using this method. The most common topology for this is the Marx bank generator, invented by Edwin Otto Marx in 1924 [4]. In a Marx bank, a number of capacitors are charged in parallel from a DC supply using the circuit shown in Fig 3.3. A number of switches are also employed such that, when closed, the capacitors become connected in series rather than parallel so that they can supply a voltage equal to the supply voltage multiplied by the number of capacitors. In many configurations, spark gaps are used instead of switches such that when the capacitors reach a given voltage they automatically conduct providing the series connection. Another type of pulsed modulator is the line type modulator, where the energy is stored in a transmission line, made of a network of capacitors and inductors or coaxial line, such that a square pulse is produced of duration equal to twice the line length divided by the velocity of the pulse on the line.
Supporting Documentation
Published in John A. Burgess, Design Assurance for Engineers and Managers, 2020
When presenting operating or maintenance instructions, emphasize the correct and safe way to use the equipment. Always use the nomenclature for the equipment exactly as it appears marked on the equipment to avoid confusion. If the lever is marked SPEED CONTROL, don't refer to it as the throttle. Call it the SPEED CONTROL lever. Use caution and warning notes to advise the user of all hazardous conditions that are expected to be encountered. Caution notes must be listed prior to an action which could result in equipment damage. Warning notes also must be presented ahead of any step which could present a hazard to personnel. Such notes should be inserted boldly in the text as shown below. CAUTION Use unleaded gasoline only. Other types of fuel may damage the engine.WARNING High voltage can cause electrical shock. Do not remove cover unless power cord is disconnected from electrical source.
Introduction to Electrical Insulation in Power Systems
Published in N. H. Malik, A. A. Al-Arainy, M. I. Qureshi, Electrical Insulation in Power Systems, 2018
N. H. Malik, A. A. Al-Arainy, M. I. Qureshi
Lightning or surge arresters and protective gaps consisting mainly of air, SF6, porcelain and metal oxide resistors are used to limit the transient overvoltages caused by lightning or switching actions in high voltage systems. In the simplest form, air insulated rod-rod chopping gaps are used across bushings, insulator chains, cable terminations or live conductors, etc. Alternatively, nonlinear resistors made of metal oxide (such as zinc oxide) with or without series spark gaps are used. In most recent designs, metal oxide surge arresters (MOAs) are used without any series spark gap. Ceramic or porcelain housing is used for mechanical support and for protection from the exposure to the environment.
Location and investment factors of hydropower plants
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Yongsong Li, Burak Omer Saracoglu
mtfpower grid Power Grid (ESM.24): This metafactor is crucial because power transmission is required to transmit power from generation nodes (centers, points) to consumption nodes (centers, points). (Lakef(j)) is enriched with newly applied technologies and technologies in their RD3&D stages like wireless (Leabman et al. 2018), ultra-high voltage alternative/alternating current (UHVAC), ultra-high voltage direct current (UHVDC) (An, Tang, and Wang 2017; Shu and Chen 2018). This metafactor with all its main factors and factors includes not only the existing power grids and systems, but also approved expansion plans and new ideas with all their items such as power losses, capacities, and costs. The GIS integration is possible with some global or continental data and information sources (ESM.57).
The development and utilization of microgrid technologies in China
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
To be able to model the peak reduction for the concept, several assumptions have been made: The storage system can be discharged with a rate of 0.5 C.The future energy consumption could increase uniformly with respect to the current load curve.The load of non-high voltage alternating current (HVAC) residential and office appliances is similar to that in Europe.The variance between two buildings can be estimated by multiplying the electricity demand at each individual interval with the log of a normal with μ = 1, σ = 0.25 (similar to the variance observed from smart meter data from households).The grid losses for the neighborhood are assumed to be 1% of the load of each building.PV installed at the building is 80 kW.Solar thermal installed is 40 kW.Storage system for both the buildings and the neighborhood is 240 kWh.
An Area Efficient Sub-threshold Voltage Level Shifter using a Modified Wilson Current Mirror for Low Power Applications
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Biswarup Mukherjee, Aniruddha Ghosal
In this paper, the authors have presented a low-power nine transistor-based LS which can up-convert from the deep sub-threshold voltage to the VDDH supply voltage of 1.8 V at a frequency of 10 MHz. The proposed design shows the propagation delay of 19.9 ns over a wide range of operating voltages. The high voltage range is 1.8 Volt for CMOS 180 nm technology. The LS avoids multiple threshold transistors, thereby reducing the fabrication complexities. The modified Wilson current mirror-based proposed LS shows excellent logical and functional response over a wide range of frequencies. The layout area is 92.3 µm2 at TSMC 180 nm technology. Therefore it can be concluded that authors’ proposed LS shows better PDP and area efficiency compared to available other designs.