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Power Electronic Converters
Published in Iqbal Husain, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, 2021
The gate driver receives the PWM gating signals from the motor drive controller and buffers them to deliver to the gate of the power devices of the VSI with complete electrical isolation. As a critical part of the power converter system, the gate driver design requires isolation, driving capability, minimum delay and reliable operation. The motor controller is referenced to the vehicle chassis which is isolated from the high-voltage DC system. The gate driver provides this isolation and ensures that all the power device gate connections are floating with respect to the controller ground. A typical isolated gate driver block diagram is shown in Figure 9.26 which consists of control signal transfer, isolated bias power supply and driver stage that may include current booster circuit. This bias supply actually shares the same floating ground with the switching device, which poses stringent voltage isolation requirement especially for high-voltage applications. Appropriate voltage level needs to be maintained all the time and a negative bias is used to prevent dv/dt-induced turn-on. Meanwhile, the capacitive coupling across the isolation barrier also becomes critical, especially if SiC devices are used with their high switching dv/dt. As the power device is switching with high voltages, the isolated controller signals must be immune from those high-voltage transients. This immunity is characterized by the gate drive parameter called common mode noise immunity (CMTI) which is measured by kV/µs.
Design of DC Power Supply and Power Management
Published in Nihal Kularatna, Electronic Circuit Design, 2017
The essential idea of a gate driver IC is to achieve two important design requirements: to provide correct voltage drive levels required by the MOSFET or IGBT gates where floating voltages are required, and to provide fast charge/discharge gate capacitances for MOSFETs or IGBTs. For example, in half- or full-bridge circuits based on MOSFETs, low-side (n channel) transistors need to be driven by a positive gate voltage with respect to the ground plane, but the high-side transistor gate needs to be driven by a positive voltage with respect to its source terminals, which will be at floating voltage values. Table 3.5 shows the different techniques used for gate driver circuits and their key features [61]. Gate driver circuits are useful in any switching system topology where two switches operate at high and low sides. To justify the use of these for efficient power circuit designs, the designer should understand and pay adequate attention to the parasitic capacitances at the gate input [62]. For IGBT-based bridge topologies, there are hybrid ICs available as gate drivers [63]. In some of these, optoisolators are used for electrical isolation between the drive side and the power stage.
DC-DC Converters
Published in Ali Emadi, Handbook of Automotive Power Electronics and Motor Drives, 2017
The gate driver takes the PWM gate signal from the control circuitry and conditions it in such a manner as to provide sufficient drive to a power switch. Gate drivers typically include protection circuits for the power switch, including short-circuit protection and protection from the loss of control voltage. The gate driver must provide sufficient current into the gate or base of the power switch to cause the power device to saturate in a short time, typically in the hundreds of nanoseconds to a few microseconds. Often the gate driver utilizes transformer isolated power supplies to provide the driving power to the switch. This is required in “high-side” drivers, such as the switches in the upper part of the phase legs in the half- and full-bridge converters, and the switch in the buck converter. This inherently gives the push-pull, flyback, forward, boost, and buck-boost advantages, as the gate driver for these converters does not require isolation from the input power source ground.
Optimization-based maximum power extraction from solar photovoltaic system under non-uniform irradiance
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Chandrakant Dattatraya Bhos, Paresh Suresh Nasikkar
The experimental setup, as shown in Figure 25, is used to validate the real-time performance of the MPPT algorithms. The setup consists of four solar PV panels ELDORA VSP.60.250.03 connected in series. Each solar PV panel is capable of generating 250W maximum power with Isc = 8.75A and Voc = 37.44V. MPPT circuit comprises STGF19NC60KD IGBT as switching element and Active Semi’s PAC5250 as the control unit to implement the MPPT algorithm. A gate driver circuit is used for switching the IGBT to control the duty cycle as per the requirement. The DC-DC buck converter is designed to operate the load. The circuit is tested for an open circuit as well as with different load conditions. The current and voltage sensed are sent to the control unit, which adjusts the duty cycle ratio as per the requirements. The gate driver with the updated duty cycle triggers the switching element and achieves the rated maximum power at varying input conditions. Three different cases of PSC are considered for performance analysis of MPPT algorithms. The reliability of the proposed PSO and CS methods is validated by comparing them with P&O and IC methods. The MPP tracking response of the proposed optimization algorithms is shown in Figures 26–27, whereas the performance factors of all the algorithms are summarized in Table 4.
A proposed single-stage single-phase full bridge boost inverter
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2020
Osama M. Salem, Haitham Z. Azazi, Dina S. M. Osheba, Azza E. Lashine
With the object of evaluating the proposed inverter topology, a laboratory prototype is built. The block diagram of the experimental setup and real view of the complete control system are shown in Figure 11(a,b), respectively. The proposed inverter topology is built using the CM100DY-24H IGBTs. The load is connected to the inverter via 50 μF capacitor,, while the inverter is fed from a 100 V DC source via an inductor of 27mH. The feedback signals of both the supply current and output voltage are generated by using a Hall-effect current and voltage sensor. Through current and voltage transducers, the outputs of the feedback controller are fed to the dspace DS1104. The gate drivers are used to switch the IGBTs on and off depending on the PWM signals. These PWM signals (output signals of the DSP) cannot be directly connected to the power switches because these signals have power level not sufficient to drive a power switch and due to there is no common connection between the power switches that are located at different voltage levels. For these reasons, the power level of the switching signals should be increased by using gate drive circuits that are essentially required to provide isolation between power and control circuits, and for that purpose, four-channel gate drive circuit is used. A laboratory interface circuit with inverter gates and a DSP are built. This circuit consists of a receiver and transmitter circuits. In the transmitter stage, using high frequency, the control is modulated and then sent to the receiver side. On that side, the IGBT gate level is fed by these control signals after its demodulated, buffered, and amplified. By using a high-frequency power transformer, the receiver circuit obtains its power from the transmitter side. Using a digital signal processor board (DS1104) plugged into a computer, the proposed new control is done. Through a host computer, the control algorithm is executed and downloaded to the board. The outputs of the board are logic control signals fed the IGBTS power switches. The parameters of the system are reported before as in Table 3.