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Team Cognition Assessment From Concept to Practice
Published in Bin Wei, Brain and Cognitive Intelligence Control in Robotics, 2022
Eye-tracking is the process of measuring the point of gaze when a person is taking in information with his/her eyes. To achieve this, we need to use a device called eye-tracker. Most eye-trackers used today are non-intrusive; the reflecting lights on the surface of eyes can be recorded and used for calculating the point of gaze.
Portable eye tracking and the study of vision
Published in Paulo Jorge da Silva Bartolo, Fernando Moreira da Silva, Shaden Jaradat, Helena Bartolo, Industry 4.0 – Shaping The Future of The Digital World, 2020
These types of eye movement, as well as stop times in each fixation, can be accurately detected and measured by an eye tracker. Eye Tracking is a methodology which allows to know the track of the gaze during vision. There are two types of eye trackers: fixed (table-mounted eye trackers) and portable (head-mounted eye trackers). The most commonly used are the desktop ones, whose methodology uses a fixed bidimensional target on a support, as well as a fixed observer in front of it. In the most trustworthy models, the user has to keep the head fixed by supporting it on its own stand using 2 points of support, chin and forehead, and possibly even two other lateral points, to avoid any movement of head, which is not very comfortable. A portable eye tracker consists of a pair of glasses with a mounted eye tracker device which the observer puts on the face and can be used with total freedom of movement. The device is a micro-video camera able to detect two kinds of information: video information of the visual landscape background and coordinates of gaze positioning, overlapped by the software. The user of a portable eye tracker is allowed to move freely during data collection, and this technology should detect macro-saccades. However, portable eye trackers typically cannot distinguish saccadic from macro-saccadic. In these cases recognition must be done manually.
Eye-tracking research
Published in Catherine Dawson, A–Z of Digital Research Methods, 2019
Eye-tracking research uses eye-tracking devices, tools and software to collect, record and analyse eye movement, eye position and gaze data. It can be used to ‘unravel attention processes’ and ‘to investigate other psychological constructs, such as arousal, cognitive load, or perceptual fluency’ (Meißner and Oll, 2017: 2). Eye-tracking research is used in both laboratory and field settings as a standalone research method or combined with other methods in mixed or hybrid approaches (see Sarter et al., 2007 for an illustration of how eye-tracking data were used together with behaviour data and mental model assessment). Eye-tracking is used as a research method in a number of disciplines and fields of study including applied linguistics and second language research (Conklin and Pellicer-Sánchez, 2016), medical research (Grundgeiger et al., 2015), medical education (Kok and Jarodzka, 2017), visual analytics (Kurzhals et al., 2016), visitor studies (Eghbal-Azar and Widlok, 2013), marketing and advertising (Ju and Johnson, 2010) and management and organisation studies (Meißner and Oll, 2017). It is also used in transportation research and development, games testing, behavioural studies in virtual reality, product and idea development, virtual design concept evaluation and ergonomics, for example.
Eye Tracking, Usability, and User Experience: A Systematic Review
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2023
Jakub Štěpán Novák, Jan Masner, Petr Benda, Pavel Šimek, Vojtěch Merunka
Eye tracking is a technology of tracking a person’s eye movement to determine where they are looking, for how long, and how the eye got there. Eye tracking systems analyze the user’s eye location, movement, and pupil size at a specified moment to determine areas of interest (Hasse & Bruder, 2015). Many studies involve eye trackers, including visual systems, psychology, neurology, and virtual reality (McNamara & Mehta, 2020). Essential usable components of the human eye for eye tracking technology are the retina, pupil, cornea, sclera, and iris (Hansen & Ji, 2010). The activity of these components can be recorded as signals and utilized in many applications (Annerer-Walcher et al., 2021). Eye detection is the process of locating the eye and measuring the eye gaze. Several methods are used for gaze tracking, such as shape, feature, appearance, and hybrid-based methods (Hansen & Ji, 2010). There are numerous eye tracking devices on the market—from glasses to specialized bars that can be mounted to monitors and other devices or placements. The primary mechanism of these devices is based on an infrared non-visible light beam pointing to subjects’ face and eyes. This approach aims to recognize two core reference elements. The first is the reflection of retinal light, and the second is the reflection of light in the cornea (Chivu et al., 2018).
Digital Human Modeling: A Review and Reappraisal of Origins, Present, and Expected Future Methods for Representing Humans Computationally
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2022
H. Onan Demirel, Salman Ahmed, Vincent G. Duffy
Eye tracking is a monitoring technology that enables data acquisition of eye movements, including gaze direction, fixation duration, pupil dilation, or a combination of all (Rosch & Vogel-Walcutt, 2013). In the context of ergonomics, eye tracking systems are often used to measure eye movements in human-machine studies to gather information regarding gaze points and saccades, which indicate the visual presence, attention, and focus (Lewis, 2012). The eye tracking technology has been broadly used in the HFE domain. One can find research and applications that focus on retrieving information about user behavior in aviation (e.g, attention (Ziv, 2016)), driving (e.g., distraction (Topolsek et al., 2016)), usability testing (e.g., user perception (Koester et al., 2017)), and marketing (e.g., consumer decision-making (Chandon et al., 2009)).
How information presentation formats influence usage behaviour of course management systems: flow diagram navigation versus menu navigation
Published in Behaviour & Information Technology, 2022
Pengfei Tang, Zhong Yao, Jing Luan, Jie Xiao
Eye tracking is a technique of measuring an individual’s eye movements to allow researchers to know both where a person is looking at any given time and the sequence in which their eyes are shifting from one location to another (Shimojo et al. 2003). Tracking people’s eye movements can help human–computer interaction (HCI) researchers have insights into visual and display-based information processing and factors that may influence system usability. In this way, the visibility, significance, and arrangement of specific elements can be objectively assessed and the findings can be capitalised for improving the interactive design (Goldberg and Kotval 1999). According to ‘eye-mind hypothesis’ (Just and Carpenter 1976), what a person is looking at can indicate their mental processes. Specifically, this theory claims a direct correspondence between a person’s attention and their visual display. At the same time, eye-tracking is regarded as an objective method and provides a window into individuals’ cognitive processing by recording eye movement metrics (Poole and Ball 2006; Djamasbi, Siegel, and Tullis 2010).