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The Evolving and Aging Eye
Published in Lisa Heschong, Visual Delight in Architecture, 2021
The human eye is an extremely active sensory organ, almost constantly in motion. Indeed, the muscles surrounding the eye make some of the fastest movements in our body. (The eye is in motion not only while we are awake, but also more strangely, while we are dreaming, even while sleep paralysis suppresses movement in all other muscles.) Our eyeballs make two basic kinds of movement: smooth pursuit, whereby they continuously track a moving object such as a ball or bird in flight; and saccades (from the Old French verb saquer, ‘to pull’), tiny jerky movements which are even faster, and mostly outside of conscious control. When looking at a scene, the motion of the eye constantly shifts between these very rapid saccades and momentary pauses, called gaze fixations. Gaze fixations typically last 1/10th to 3/10th of a second (100 to 300 milliseconds), with about three to six gaze fixations per second. The tracking of gaze fixations has become an important research tool to study attention, with applications from marketing to computer interfaces to childhood development. Figure 3.5 illustrates a variety of saccade patterns from a famous study by the Russian scientist Alfred Yarbus.8 He recorded the eye movements of people while looking at the painting The Unexpected Visitor, in response to different questions, such as (D) “What was the family doing before the visitor arrived?” or (G) “Estimate how long the visitor has been away.”
Patient–Professional Communication
Published in Richard J. Holden, Rupa S. Valdez, The Patient Factor, 2021
Onur Asan, Bradley H. Crotty, Avishek Choudhury
Eye gaze has been reported as the most powerful component of nonverbal communication (Henry et al., 2012) and an important aspect of patient-centered communication (Gorawara-Bhat & Cook, 2011). Eye gaze is also used to understand the extent to which patients feel cared for by clinicians (Rose et al., 2014). Gaze provides an objective and measurable indication of attention and communication and can be an attribute that informs design guidelines (Asan, Tyszka, et al., 2018; Asan et al., 2015). Many studies have used eye gaze as a factor to quantitatively measure clinician–patient communication (Asan, Tyszka, et al., 2018; Asan et al., 2015; Gorawara-Bhat & Cook, 2011; Gorawara-Bhat et al., 2013; Montague & Asan, 2014; Ruusuvuori, 2001). The measurement of eye gaze, through video analysis, has been used and validated by previous studies (Asan et al., 2014; Asan & Montague, 2012; Montague & Asan, 2014) as a method to measure nonverbal communication between patient and physicians.
Ibn al-Haytham: Founder of Physiological Optics?
Published in Azzedine Boudrioua, Roshdi Rashed, Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan, Light-Based Science: Technology and Sustainable Development, 2017
As we know, saccades are ballistic movements of the eyes made to reposition our gaze and to foveate a target. They can be voluntary, but normally they are automatic and are unnoticed. In addition, during the movement, the resulting image motion and the repositioning of the gaze are not noticed. The first to document this was al-Haytham: For if the eye moves in front of visible objects while they are being contemplated, the form of every one of the objects facing the eye … will move on the eye as the latter moves. But sight has become accustomed to the motion of the objects’ forms on its surface when the objects are stationary, and therefore does not judge the object to be in motion (p. 194).
Telepresence Robots for People with Special Needs: A Systematic Review
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2022
Guangtao Zhang, John Paulin Hansen
In contrast with traditional control methods of telepresence robots, novel control methods for people with special needs usually require sufficient training, as mentioned above. In future research, the learning effects from training when using newly introduced control methods need to be studied. It is notable that some of the evaluations showed that it was rather challenging for novices to use the new methods (e.g., Carreto et al., 2018; Zhang, Hansen et al., 2019). However, among these studies, no training or tutorial sessions were included. The role of such training on the performance is still unclear, and the learning effects need to be explored. For instance, studies showed that adequate training of using gaze could improve operation skills of using gaze control (Watson et al., 2016). A pre-trial session to provide adequate training for novices needs to be considered in future evaluation. This is also important for safety reasons as stated above, since the most common cause of accident is collision.
Head control and head-trunk coordination as a function of anticipation in sidestepping
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2022
Samuel Zeff, Gillian Weir, Joseph Hamill, Richard van Emmerik
The head is a perceptual platform, providing a foundation for the visual and vestibular systems to function (Hamill et al., 2020). During forward locomotion the head is stabilized in space through angular rotations, in response to both angular and translational perturbations in each plane (Pozzo et al., 1995; 1990; Imai et al., 2001; Hirasaki et al., 1999; Moore et al., 1999; 2001). In part this stabilization is accomplished on the basis of reflexive mechanisms, such as the vestibulocollic (VCR) and cervicocollic (CCR) reflexes through vestibular and muscle spindle stimulation, respectively (Peterson et al., 1985). During locomotion, we do not see complete stabilization of the head in space, but instead an intermittent position around discrete angular positions, accomplished by large head relative to trunk motion (Hirasaki et al., 1999; Imai et al., 2001; Moore et al., 1999, 2001; Pozzo et al., 1990, 1995). In addition, vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) adjustments allow for compensatory eye movements in response to head movement to align gaze with desired visual information (Hirasaki et al., 1999; Imai et al., 2001; Moore et al., 1999, 2001; Pozzo et al., 1990, 1995). Visual perception during locomotor tasks often involves head orientation towards environmental features of interest to facilitate gaze alignment, highlighting the visual system’s requirements for a consistent head position in space (Moore et al., 2001).
An eye-tracking paradigm to explore the effect of online consumers’ emotion on their visual behaviour between desktop screen and mobile screen
Published in Behaviour & Information Technology, 2022
To empirically identify the impact emotions on online shoppers’ visual behaviour, this study used the eye-tracking paradigm. Eye-tracking is a typical physiological technique used to measure an individual’s visual attention (Eraslan et al. 2019; Townsend and Kahn 2013), in which the duration of visual fixation indicates how long a participant’s eyes focus on a particular area on the target screen. The paths of eye movements across the information displayed were used to address the research question empirically. When the eye gaze pauses in a certain position, and when it moves to another position, eye movements are typically divided into fixations and saccades, respectively. Thus, eye movements are the resulting series of fixations and saccades. Most information from the eye is made available during a fixation or smooth pursuit but not during a saccade (Purves et al. 2001). So, the duration of visual fixation indicates how long a participant’s eyes focus on a particular area (areas of interest, AOIs) on the target screen.