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Driver State
Published in Motoyuki Akamatsu, Handbook of Automotive Human Factors, 2019
In these evaluations, saccadic eye movement, which is large and quick rotating of eyes in order to shift the point of gaze, is used as the main index. Saccadic eye movement is generally defined as eye movement with a rotational angular velocity of 30°/sec or more and a travel distance of 3.5° or more. With regard to its dynamic property, the relationship between the peak velocity and amplitude of the saccade is a non-linear relationship as expressed by the following formula (Smit et al., 1987): V(A)=V0{1−exp(−αA)H}
Perceptual-Motor Interaction
Published in Julie A. Jacko, The Human–Computer Interaction Handbook, 2012
Timothy N. Welsh, Sanjay Chandrasekharan, Matthew Ray, Heather Neyedli, Romeo Chua, Daniel J. Weeks
Structural analyses of the retinal (photosensitive) surface of the eye have revealed two distinct receiving areas—the fovea and the perifoveal (a.k.a. peripheral) areas. The fovea is a relatively small area (about 2°-3° of visual angle) near the center of the retina, which has the highest concentration of color-sensitive cone cells. It is this high concentration of color-sensitive cells that provides the rich, detailed information that we typically use to identify objects. There are several important consequences of this structural and functional arrangement. First, because of the fovea’s pivotal role in object identification and the importance of object identification for the planning of action and many other cognitive processes, visual attention is typically dedicated to the information received by the fovea. Second, because the fovea is such a small portion of the eye, we are unable to derive a detailed representation of the environment from a single fixation. As a result, it is necessary to constantly move information from objects in the environment onto the fovea by rapidly and accurately rotating the eye. These rapid eye movements are known as saccadic eye movements. Because of the tight link between the location of visual attention and saccadic eye movements, these rapid eye movements are referred to as overt shifts of attention.
Tools for Sensor-Based Performance Assessment and Hands-Free Control
Published in Jack M. Winters, Molly Follette Story, Medical Instrumentation, 2006
Pursuit eye movements are conjugate movements that are used to track slowly (1 to roughly 30°/sec) moving targets in order to stabilize an image of the moving target on the retina. The characteristics of smooth pursuit are as follows: Not under voluntary control and thus for most individuals require some form of moving visual field or targetPursuit gain is limited and may be influenced by characteristics of the targetLatency of the pursuit system is less than the saccadic system (approximately 130 msec)Increases in target velocity beyond the capabilities of the smooth pursuit system lead to additional contributions from the saccadic system so as to minimize retinal slipPredictor operator minimizes phase lag during tracking
Effects of cooperative vehicle infrastructure system on driver’s attention––A simulator study on work zone
Published in Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 2023
Xuewei Li, Jian Rong, Zhenlong Li, Xiaohua Zhao, Jianming Ma, Jiaxia Yang
Eye movement can be divided into three types: fixation, saccade, and blink. At the same time, a driver’s vision usually goes to several regions. Eye glance is one of the most commonly used metrics to assess the visual effect. It contains essential information for understanding the attentional mechanism involved in distraction (Ahlstrom & Kircher, 2017; Kraft, Naujoks, Wörle, & Neukum, 2018). Glance behavior refers to a process that consists of a transition, continuous fixation, and saccade in a region. Therefore, the main task in data preprocessing was to identify the focus region and to judge the continuous glance behavior. The original text data recorded by the eye tracker were preprocessed by the MATLAB program, and the data of 33 drivers were finally retained. Specific procedures are as follows.
Towards More Direct Text Editing With Handwriting Interfaces
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2023
For further analysis, we calculated the number of saccades per second, as shown in Figure 9. A saccadic movement is a type of eye movement that moves the foveal fixation point to a fixed target position. During text editing, there can be two main sources of saccadic movements: reading text, and moving among points of interest while using the interface. The former depends on the skill and habits of the user. The difference in individual reading skills was canceled out because the experiment was a within-subject design. Therefore, this could not be the source of the difference. Hence, we conclude that the differences in the saccadic movement are mainly due to the switches between the points of interest while using the interfaces. That is, the more saccadic movements suggest that users moves their gaze more among the fixed points while using the interface. A repeated measures ANOVA test showed that the interface has a significant effect on the number of saccades per second in both the proofreading task (F(1,11) = 8.936, p = 0.012) and revision tasks (F(1,11) = 17.147, p = 0.002). Therefore, we conclude that H1 holds.
An eye-tracking paradigm to explore the effect of online consumers’ emotion on their visual behaviour between desktop screen and mobile screen
Published in Behaviour & Information Technology, 2022
To empirically identify the impact emotions on online shoppers’ visual behaviour, this study used the eye-tracking paradigm. Eye-tracking is a typical physiological technique used to measure an individual’s visual attention (Eraslan et al. 2019; Townsend and Kahn 2013), in which the duration of visual fixation indicates how long a participant’s eyes focus on a particular area on the target screen. The paths of eye movements across the information displayed were used to address the research question empirically. When the eye gaze pauses in a certain position, and when it moves to another position, eye movements are typically divided into fixations and saccades, respectively. Thus, eye movements are the resulting series of fixations and saccades. Most information from the eye is made available during a fixation or smooth pursuit but not during a saccade (Purves et al. 2001). So, the duration of visual fixation indicates how long a participant’s eyes focus on a particular area (areas of interest, AOIs) on the target screen.