China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Electric Generator Switchgear & Controls
Published in Neil Petchers, Combined Heating, Cooling & Power Handbook: Technologies & Applications, 2020
Switchgear characteristics depend on service voltage, continuous current rating, fault-duty ratings, and installation environment. The following are common types of switchgear: Low-voltage metal-enclosed switchgear (ANSI/IEEE C37.20.1). A single enclosure contains power switching or interrupting devices with bus bars, control, and other auxiliary devices. Bus bars are either copper or aluminum. Low-voltage power circuit breakers are contained in individual compartments and can be controlled by integral or remote devices.Metal-clad switchgear (ANSI/IEEE C37.20.2). This type of switchgear differs from the low-voltage type in that the main switching and interrupting device must be removable. The major components are completely enclosed by grounded metal barriers and are isolated from all instruments, relays, control devices, etc. Bus bars for medium voltage are completely insulated. Medium-voltage circuit breakers (either 5 kV or 15 kV class) may be air or vacuum type.Metal-enclosed interrupter switchgear (ANSI/IEEE C37.20.3). Used above 1,000 volts, circuit breaker, power fuses, bare bus, instrument transformers, and control wiring are completely enclosed with sheet metal. The breakers and power fuses may be stationary or drawout type.
Plating of Electrical Equipment
Published in Bella H. Chudnovsky, Electrical Power Transmission and Distribution, 2017
In electrical power distribution, a bus bar—a thick strip of copper or aluminum—conducts electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation, or other electrical apparatus. Bus bars may be connected to each other and to electrical apparatus by bolted or clamp connections. Often, joints between high-current bus sections have matching surfaces that are silver plated to reduce contact resistance (CR).
Plating of Electrical Equipment
Published in Bella H. Chudnovsky, Transmission, Distribution, and Renewable Energy Generation Power Equipment, 2017
In electrical power distribution, a busbar—a thick strip of copper or aluminum—conducts electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation, or other electrical apparatus. Busbars may be connected to each other and to electrical apparatus by bolted or clamp connections. Often, joints between high-current bus sections have matching surfaces that are silver plated to reduce contact resistance (CR).
A study on the effect of the number of fin valleys on the thermal performance of a bus duct conductor
Published in Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, 2023
Mark Selvan, Mohd Sharizal Abdul Aziz, Kok Hwa Yu, M. S. Nurulakmal, H. P. Ong, Chu Yee Khor, Wan Rahiman
Bus bar conductors are vital in large-scale power distribution systems. Bus bar conductors typically connect generators, transmission lines, and loads. Bus bars are commonly employed due to their wide range of interconnection options and superior thermal performance. In order to operate at maximum efficiency, the bus bar system is required to operate at a lower temperature; thus, the thermal performance of the bus bar conductor is critical. This is due to the current-carrying capacity of the system that is directly influenced by the conductor’s temperature. Numerous parameters affect the bus bar system’s thermal performance. However, the primary influencing parameters are the current amperage, cross-sectional area, layout, and thermal conductivity of the aluminum casing [1]. Bus bar systems comprise an aluminum casing with a copper alloy conductor. Thermal fins are integrated into the design of the bus bar casing to improve the heat dissipation rate via natural convection. In order to improve the thermal performance of the bus bar system, the thermal fin design has to be optimized.
Numerical study on the effect of fin length variation on the thermal performance of a bus duct conductor
Published in Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, 2023
Mark Selvan, Mohd Sharizal Abdul Aziz, M. S. Nurulakmal, H. P. Ong, C. Y. Khor
Bus bar conductors, also known as bus bar trunking systems, are commonly employed to facilitate the distribution of electricity with greater flexibility and ease as compared to other permanent forms of distribution methods. Bus bar systems are preferred because they reduce facility costs, have a short installation time, and allow the integration of plug-in units. Bus bar systems are typically used for large environments such as factories, data centers, laboratories, and hospitals. The system comprises copper conductors that are housed in an aluminum housing. Aluminum housings are the choice of material for the housing as it allows for maximum heat dissipation due to their high thermal conductivity. In order to ensure the current carrying capacity of the bus bar is at the most optimal level, the temperature rise of the system has to be maintained at the temperature as specified by the IEC 60439-1 and IEC 60439-2 standards. This is done by integrating heat sinks on the bus bar housing. The variation of heat sink parameters such as fin length, size, and thickness may affect the thermal performance of the bus bar conductor. Understanding parametric behavior is crucial in determining the most optimal heat sink parameters. Thus, it is imperative to design a heat sink that improves the thermal performance of the bus bar system.
Real-time profile monitoring schemes considering covariates using Gaussian process via sensor data
Published in Quality Technology & Quantitative Management, 2023
Ning Ding, Zhen He, Shuguang He, Lisha Song
With the increase of automation equipment in manufacturing systems, the safety and stability of power systems become more and more crucial. Busbars have been widely introduced in manufacturing industries to satisfy the requirements of high current in power transmission systems. The safe and stable state of busbars ensures the normal condition of power transmission which further guarantees the normal operation of the manufacturing system. Otherwise, busbar failures may lead to transmission interruption, equipment damage and even electrical accidents. If the early warning of busbar failure is available through monitoring, the failure probability could be reduced, thus avoiding unnecessary losses. During the use of a busbar, the resistance will gradually increase, which may be caused by the poor connection, aging, oxidation, etc. Then, busbar temperature will rise due to the increased resistance. Therefore, the temperature is a significant quality characteristic reflecting the busbar state. A high temperature indicates that the busbar may be in an abnormal state. To guarantee the safety and stability of busbar state, it is of vital importance to monitor the busbar state through its temperature in real-time.