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Data Buses
Published in Mike Tooley, Aircraft Digital Electronic and Computer Systems, 2023
The word ‘bus’ is a contraction of the Greek word ‘omnibus’ and the word simply means ‘to all’. Thus, in the context of computers and digital systems, ‘bus’ refers to a system that permits interconnection and data exchange between the devices in a complex system. Note, however, that ‘interconnection’ involves more than just physical wiring; among other things it defines the voltage levels and rules (or protocols) that govern the transfer of data.
I/O Interface
Published in Wen-Long Chin, Principles of Verilog Digital Design, 2022
A bus is a communication system that can transfer data within or between computers. Some buses are used for connecting separate chips on a circuit board. Others connect separate boards in a system. Bus specifications and protocols vary, depending on the requirement of their intended use. Off-chip buses use tristate drivers for signals that have multiple data sources. For example, the PCI bus is used to connect add-on cards to a computer. On-chip buses are used to connect sub-modules within an IC. They have separate input and output signals that allow to use multiplexers and demultiplexers to connect components. Examples include the AMBA buses specified by ARM, the CoreConnect buses specified by IBM, and the Wishbone bus specified by the OpenCores organization.
Parallel Computing
Published in Sanjay Saxena, Sudip Paul, High-Performance Medical Image Processing, 2022
Biswajit Jena, Pulkit Thakar, Gopal Krishna Nayak, Sanjay Saxena
Shared memory architecture [11] is depicted in Figure 2.6. The system bus allows the transfer of data between the processors and the shared memory. There is a cache memory associated to every processor. These cache memories work as any usual cache memory. The cache memory stores the data that is in the local memory which has a higher probability to be accessed or used by the processor. Now, if any of the processors have to modify some data at a particular location of the shared memory then what happens? The processor first makes the necessary changes at the memory location and then sends a message to all the other processors to notify them about the modified data. This is regarded as the problem of cache coherence. This is nothing but a special case of memory consistency.
Comparison of the effectiveness of assisted turning mattresses and conventional air mattresses in relieving body pressure in different lying positions
Published in Assistive Technology, 2023
Shu-Fang Vivienne Wu, Li-Min Kuo, Juin-Ming Tsai, Li-Ju Lin, Chun-Hua Chu, Ying-Yi Liao
The pressure was measured using a VISTA pressure-sensing pad with a length and width of 195 × 86 cm and a sensing area of 185 × 76 cm. The pressure-sensing pad had 1728 pressure-sensing points, and the scanning frequency was 50 Hz. A universal serial bus (USB) device was used to retrieve readings from the pressure sensing pad by the computer. The pressure could be visualized directly, with warmer colors indicating higher pressures (red and orange). In contrast, cooler colors (blue) showed lower pressure. In addition, the software displayed the pressure values of each color zone, including the average, maximum, and minimum pressure values. The VISTA pressure-sensing pad has been widely used in medical device centers, and research institutes with a device coefficient of variation of <10% and an error of ±10% (Yoshikawa et al., 2015). (Figure 2).
Evaluation of gastric emptying in critically ill patients using electrical impedance method: a pilot study
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2022
Ariful Basher, Mohammad Moniruzzaman, Md. Maruful Islam, Md. Mahbubur Rashid, Iqbal Hossain Chowdhury, Akhtaruzzaman AKM, Khondkar Siddique-e Rabbani
Involving electronic hardware with embedded microcontroller and computer software, this instrument was configured to measure TPIM. The computer software was specially developed to monitor and measure gastric emptying. To apply TPIM technique, four self-adhesive ECG electrodes were set along a straight line almost horizontally over the lower part of the stomach with the central pair of electrodes approximately positioned at the two margins of the stomach (Supplemental digital content 1). During the study period, it was observed that this near-horizontal configuration of electrodes for TPIM gives more impedance changes during gastric emptying than that using any other configuration. An alternating constant current of amplitude 0.5 mA at a frequency of 230 kHz was driven through the outer pair of electrodes while the potential difference was measured between the inner pair. Within the electronic instrument, the potential difference was amplified and filtered, the latter to remove unwanted noise. A data acquisition system built around a microcontroller converted the analog data to digital data and sent these to a computer through the Universal Serial Bus type 2 (USB 2) port. The computer software removes unwanted noise from the acquired signals, analyses and stores the data, and shows the impedance value in real time through a dynamic graphical display on the computer screen.
Systematic reliability analysis of the Dynamic Positioning (DP) control system for a deepwater drilling rig
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2021
Fang Wang, Yong Bai, Jian Wang
From the Markov model for DPS-3 control system described above we can obtain the reliability of the whole system. Figure 6 shows the reliability of the main DP, back-up DP and the whole DPS-3 control system with the same failure rate of control computer , which is recommended by DNVs Handbook for Offshore Reliability Data (OREDA, 2009), other Failure-In-Time (FIT) data can be referred to Vedachalam and Ramadass (2017). The control computer failure rate from OREDA includes failures due to central processing unit, input-output signal processing electronics circuits, field data bus, OS and power supply.