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Communication Modules and Protocols
Published in Franjieh El Khoury, Antoine Zgheib, Building a Dedicated GSM GPS Module Tracking System for Fleet Management, 2018
Franjieh El Khoury, Antoine Zgheib
UARTs transmit data asynchronously. In other words, there is no signal clock to synchronize the output of bits from the transmitting UART to the sampling of bits by the receiving UART. The transmitting UART receives data in parallel from the data bus, then adds a start bit (i.e., a beginning of packet), a parity bit (i.e., a check error), and a stop bit (i.e., the end of a packet) to the data packet being transferred with the possibility of interruption during transmission. Therefore, when it detects a start bit, the receiving UART starts to read incoming bits at a specific frequency (i.e., baud rate or speed of data transfer in bits per seconds [bps]). The receiving UART discards the start bit, the parity bit, and the stop bit from the data frame. The receiving UART converts the serial data back into parallel and transfers it to the data bus on the receiving end. Both UARTs should operate at about the same baud rate, which can differ by about 10% before the timing of bits gets too far off. In addition, both UARTs should be configured to transmit and receive the same data packet structure.
LED Control with Different Evaluation Boards (Arduino Uno and NodeMCU)
Published in Anudeep Juluru, Shriram K. Vasudevan, T. S. Murugesh, fied!, 2023
Anudeep Juluru, Shriram K. Vasudevan, T. S. Murugesh
UART is a hardware circuit or a standalone IC whose main purpose is to serially transmit or receive data. It uses only two lines, Receiver (Rx) and Transmitter (Tx), to communicate with another UART as shown in Figure 1.19. The transmitting UART converts the parallel data obtained from a controller data bus into serial data and transmits it to the receiving UART which will again convert it into parallel data for sending to its controller data bus as shown in Figure 1.20.
SCADA communication
Published in Mini S. Thomas, John D. McDonald, Power System SCADA and Smart Grids, 2017
Mini S. Thomas, John D. McDonald
A device UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) encodes and decodes the serial data. The UART at the sending end acquires one or more bytes from the processor and puts them in shift register, adds the start bit, error check bits, stop bit, and processes to transmit the data over communication media. The transmission generally starts from the least significant bit (LSB).
IoT based multi-purpose smart fabric curtain
Published in Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2022
R. Sriharini, N Edna Elizabeth, D. Supriya, V. S Surenther, S. Sneha
Using the mobile application, the curtain can be calibrated (which has to be done before opening/closing the curtain), opened and closed. A step motor that is controlled by the microcontroller may be used for this operation. ULN2003A driver is used to set the motor off. Based on the users’ selection, commands or data are sent to a border router through the mobile application via Internet, using IPv4 or IPv6. Using the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol, the data is then transmitted to the radio controller. The data, is later sent from there to the microcontroller via UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter). UART is a serial data transmission protocol used in microcontrollers.
Enhanced performance of the mechanical respiratory system by FPGA-digital based on PID Controller
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2023
Dang Quy Phan, Ha Quang Thinh Ngo
UART, Universal asynchronous receiver transmitter, is a computer hardware device for asynchronous serial communication in which the data format and transmission speeds are configurable. It sends data bits one by one, from the least significant to the most significant, framed by start and stop bits so that precise timing is handled by the communication channel. The electric signalling levels are handled by a driver circuit external to the UART. Two common signal levels are RS-232, a 12-volt system, and RS-485, a 5-volt system. Early teletypewriters used current loops.
IoT-based patient stretcher movement simulation in smart hospital using type-2 fuzzy sets systems
Published in Production Planning & Control, 2023
C. B. Sivaparthipan, M. Anand, Nidhi Agarwal, Mallika Dhingra, Laxmi Raja, Akila Victor, S. A. Amala Nirmal Doss
With the help of the interface design, the patient stretcher can be tracked with the help of the GPS tracking sensor. This sensor connects to the sensor attached to the stretcher. Then it forms the system to produce the information about where the bed is located and the patient details who occupied it. Here the medical images are captured, and the many types of the sensor make a full analysis of the system to produce the formation of the digital information in the communication capabilities (Kataria et al. 2021). The Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standard provides a thorough description of the information content, structure, encoding, and communications protocols for the electronic transaction of diagnostic and therapeutic images as well as image-related data. It is most frequently used to store and transmit medical images, making it possible to integrate medical imaging equipment from many manufacturers, including scanners, servers, workstations, printers, network infrastructure, and picture archiving and communication systems (PACS). This mechanism provides automatic movements of the stretcher. Between the stretcher and microcontroller, the driver circuit act as an interface. AT mega microcontroller is the heart of the system and has 54 input and output pins. It has 4 Universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter (UARTs) and 16 analogue inputs. A UART is typically an individual integrated circuit (IC) used for serial communications through a serial port on a computer or peripheral device. Microcontroller chips frequently include one or more UART peripherals. Automobiles, smart cards, and SIMs all make use of specialised UARTs. In UART, local clock references are used to detect data through baud rate generation. The sender generates a clock signal that determines the transmission rate, which the receiver also uses to detect incoming data. The receiver generates its clock signal and uses it to sample the data at regular intervals determined by the local clock. Data is transmitted as a series of bits, starting with a start bit, followed by data bits, and ending with a stop bit. The receiver samples the data at the midpoint of each data bit using the local clock reference to ensure accurate detection, even when the sender and receiver clocks are not perfectly synchronised. The sensors provide the data to the controller through the input pins and update the data to the server using the UART port. It makes the stretcher move. Here, the biometric sensor gets each patient’s information through the fingerprint. The respiration sensor is used for monitoring and gives information about the depth of breathing. The respiration sensor is a sensitive girth sensor that is attached to a length-adjustable webbing belt by an easy-fitting high durability woven elastic band. The respiration waveform is produced once the chest or abdominal expansion or contraction is recognised. The heartbeat sensor is also attached to this system. When the patient’s fingerprint is placed on the sensor, the digital output of the patient’s heartbeat is shown in the indicator.