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Step 9: What Are the Consequences of Closing the Gap?
Published in William J. Rothwell, Behnam Bakhshandeh, High-Performance Coaching for Managers, 2023
Medical doctors are familiar with the notion of side effects. Quite often, possible side effects of new drugs are identified and/or monitored during clinical trials (Rosen 2013). In fact, an important issue to consider during clinical trials is the reaction to a drug or therapy experienced by people of different demographics (such as age, race, gender, pregnancy status, and so forth). As new drugs or treatments are approved for use by the broader population, side effects are noted by physicians and then logged to a centralized system called the Federal Food and Drug Administration Adverse Reporting System. But research has also indicated that another good way to identify emerging side effects is to analyze search engine results, monitoring for how many people conduct searches on google for two or more drugs and the effects of those drugs on each other (Rosen 2013).
Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method Application in Nanomedicine
Published in Sarhan M. Musa, Computational Nanotechnology Using Finite Difference Time Domain, 2017
Warts are usually managed by removal surgery [211,212]. Based on advancement in medicine, the new mode of surgery shifts to the use of laser surgery [212]. The nanolaser is presently used for management of the wart. It is proposed that laser is the best ablative approach [212]. With use of laser, three-fourths of the cases achieve complete removal of wart [212]. However, an important concern is the side effects, including bleeding and pain. Those side effects are believed to relate to the scattering out or loss of the laser [213]. Hence, the measurement of loss is an important factor in determining the success of nanolaser treatment. The loss is usually measured at the therapeutic site and was found to vary by wavelength and frequency (time function); the loss can be presented as “concentration = k × wavelength × frequency.” This is an actual phenomenon relating to electromagnetic waves with time function consideration. Hence, the application of the computational FDTD method can be possible. An example of a relationship between change and finalized loss is presented in Table 7.3. In this model, the variation of wavelength is the experimental parameter, the observed loss is the observed parameter, and time is the fixed controlled parameter. Of interest, the model shows that the best wavelength is between 580 and 590 nm, which is concordant with the present dermatological suggestion [212]. Finally, in addition to measurement of loss, the computational FDTD technique can also be useful for adjustment of the microscopic viewing of the dermatological lesion [213]. The good example can be seen in a recent report by Simon and Dimarzio [214].
Receptors
Published in Heinz M. Schlicke, Electromagnetic Compossibility, 2020
There are many initially much less obvious effects than the ones just described. Yet such so-called side effects—accumulating over sufficiently long periods—may be highly consequential in terms of physical and mental health.
N-Heterocyclic carbene complexes of Au(I), Ag(I), and Cu(I) as potential anticancer agents: a review
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2023
Organic heterocycles are an excellent class of organic compounds having a wide range of biological as well as non-biological applications [1–9]. The available marketed drugs are organic compounds (synthetic or natural products). However, recently researchers are taking a growing interest in syntheses of metal-based drugs for the treatment of different diseases [10–18]. Metal-based compounds have different coordination numbers and geometries, due to which these compounds offered various mechanisms [15, 19–22]. The introduction of metal ion binding components or metal ions into a biological system is useful for both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes [23]. The discovery of cisplatin as an anticancer agent by Rosenberg et al. was a significant development in cancer chemotherapy. Cisplatin and its derivatives (Figure 1) offered significant contributions to the discovery of metal-based anticancer drugs. However, some side effects are associated with these drugs such as neurotoxicity, ototoxicity, renal impairment, hepatotoxicity, mucositis, alopecia, diarrhea, cytopenias, anaphylaxis, cardiotoxicity, pain, stomatitis, anorexia, asthenia, cachexia, vomiting, and nausea []. Therefore, it is important to design new metal-based anticancer drugs having potency and negligible side effects. Scientists have been extensively studying the possibility of using other metals, which have less cytotoxic effects on normal cells and are highly selective towards cancer cells [24, 25, 26]. In this scenario, Cu(I), Ag(I), and Au(I) have attracted interest due to their less cytotoxic effect on normal cells and highly selective response toward cancer cells [27–31]. NHCs are an excellent class of organic ligands with significant donor properties [32]. These ligands coordinate with different metal ions and stabilize them in a variety of oxidation states [33–41]. NHC complexes of Cu(I) and Ag(I) and Au(I) have significant applications in different fields. In particular, these complexes have excellent anticancer potency and other biological activities [] such as antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antitubercular, antiviral, anti-ulcerogenic, antiglycation antimalarial, antineuropathic, antihypertensive, antioxidant, anti-obesity, antibacterial, and analgesic activity. These complexes also have excellent anticancer activities even higher than cisplatin [13, 27, 42–47]. A number of review articles are available on potential applications of NHC complexes such as anticancer potential of gold, platinum, and palladium-NHC complexes [48], luminescent complexes of platinum, iridium, and coinage metals of NHC ligands [49], catalytic properties of NHC complexes of silver [50], applications of palladium complexes of NHC ligands [51], NHC metal complexes as bio-organometallic antimicrobial and anticancer drugs [52], antimicrobial properties of Ag(I) NHC complexes [53] and NHC adducts of main group elements and their use as ligands in transition metal chemistry [54]. In this article, we summarize the anticancer activities of NHC-based metal complexes of Cu(I), Au(I), and Ag(I). Further, the mechanism of action and possible SARs are discussed.