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Introduction to Sensors
Published in Banshi Dhar Gupta, Anand Mohan Shrivastav, Sruthi Prasood Usha, Optical Sensors for Biomedical Diagnostics and Environmental Monitoring, 2017
Banshi Dhar Gupta, Anand Mohan Shrivastav, Sruthi Prasood Usha
A CCD is a light-sensitive integrated circuit which is used to store and display the data for an image. The working of CCDs involves the conversion of each pixel (picture element) in the image to an electrical charge, the intensity of which is related to the color in the color spectrum. These are used as sensors in digital cameras and video cameras for the recording and storage of steady and moving images. The CCD captures light and transforms it to digital data, which is stored by the camera. The quality of an image captured by a CCD depends on the resolution of the sensor. In digital cameras, the resolution is measured in megapixels (or thousands of pixels). Therefore, an 8MP digital camera can capture twice as much information as a 4MP camera. The result is a larger photo with more detail. These are used in the biosensors for the human-noninvasive monitoring under clinical situations.
Get into Character
Published in Chris Jackson, Flash Cinematic Techniques, 2012
Go to the Library panel. Locate the imported bitmap objects in the Asset folder that was created. ▸ Double-click on the bitmap icon to open the Bitmap Properties dialog box.▸ Check the box for the Allow smoothing option. This applies anti-aliasing to the bitmap. Anti-aliasing maintains the image’s clean edges and prevents pixilation that occurs as the pixels are rotated.▸ Repeat these steps for all imported bitmap images. ▸ Now that your character is imported, let’s “rig” it together using the Bone Tool. “Rigging” is a term used by 3D modelers and animators. Like in our own bodies, our 2D characters are given bones that act as a controlling skeleton structure.
Realism and Performance
Published in Aditi Majumder, M. Gopi, Introduction to Visual Computing, 2018
An accumulation buffer is a higher precision frame buffer that is used to accumulate multiple images in real time rendering. The higher precision of the accumulation buffer allows higher precision sum, multiplication or division of images. It can be used to achieve several effects like blending, depth of field (simulating the effect of human eye where only objects at a certain depth appear focused while others are blurred) or anti-aliasing. Here we will see how an accumulation buffer can be used for anti-aliasing. One way to achieve anti-aliasing is to sample each pixel more than once and then average the samples. This achieves the effect of rendering the image at a higher resolution and then low-pass filtering it.
Tutorial: Luminance Maps for Daylighting Studies from High Dynamic Range Photography
Published in LEUKOS, 2021
C. Pierson, C. Cauwerts, M. Bodart, J. Wienold
Because it deteriorates over time, the camera sensor should be checked for stuck, dead, or hot pixels (Jacobs and Wilson 2007). Stuck pixels are damaged pixels that will always appear colored or overexposed, even if no light reaches the sensor. Therefore, by taking a picture with the lens cap on the camera, stuck pixels are detected as the colored or white spots in the image. Dead pixels are permanently damaged pixels that do not receive any power. They will thus always appear black, even when the image is fully overexposed. Hot pixels are not permanently damaged, but show up during long exposures as the sensor heats up. To detect hot pixels, a picture should be taken with the lens cap on using a long exposure. Every non-black and non-stuck pixel in that long-exposed image is a hot pixel. Hot pixels should not be a problem since for daylit scenes, the maximal exposure time should be kept under 2 seconds to prevent the lighting conditions to vary too much. However, the presence of several stuck or dead pixels requires to change camera to avoid distorted measurements.
Recognition of Indian Sign Language Using ORB with Bag of Visual Words by Kinect Sensor
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Jayesh Gangrade, Jyoti Bharti, Anchit Mulye
Image moments are a weighted average of image pixels’ intensity. Pixel is the smallest element in the image. A pixel of an image is radically used to define moments. The moment is mathematically calculated value, which depicts the various aspects of the image. There are many moments; some of them are called raw, while the derived ones have different names. One of the most common derived one is 7 Hu Moments. Hu moments are scale, rotation, and translation invariant [37]. Hu moments can be very successful in feature extraction where the image varies by the vast majority.
Pore size, shape and orientation analysis with respect to tensile tests in nonwoven spun-lace textiles using image processing
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Maciej Niedziela, Michał Sąsiadek, Waldemar Woźniak
The digital image is described in the form of a two-dimensional table, the elements of which are the intensity function values, determining the grey level. The smallest element in a digital image is called a pixel. In the research process, digital photos were taken for each sample of the nonwoven fabric, described in Chapter 2, using a microscope. Each image is 1280 × 870 pixels and in units of length is 3668 × 2490 µm or 3.668 × 2.490 mm. Figure 5 shows an example of a greyscale image of a nonwoven fabric obtained in this manner.