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Introduction to Mobile Multimedia
Published in Amitabh Kumar, Mobile Broadcasting with WiMAX: Principles, Technology, and Applications, 2014
Graphics is an important part of any multimedia content. We are quite familiar with vector graphics, which is preferred over “raster graphics.” In raster graphics, images are represented as bitmaps leading to larger file sizes whereas in vector graphics, the images are represented by mathematical relations, which are computed prior to display. Consequently vector graphics is comprised of files, which are not only much smaller in size, but are also scalable to any screen size without loss of resolution.
The Player Experience and Design Implications of Narrative Games
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2023
The earliest video games in the 1970s such as Spacewar, Computer Space, and Pong had very rudimentary graphics and the games’ narrative was very minimal or non-existent due to the limitations of technology during that time. The players usually have a single objective in early video games, which is to gain as many points as possible by controlling the game sprite to move across the screen to hit an objective. In the 1980s, there were some improvements in the technology used to create and play games. For instance, the development of video game display technology such as liquid-crystal display (LCD) for handheld devices enabled visuals to be displayed on portable game sets and was commonly found in Nintendo’s “Game and Watch” series. However, the LCD displays were limited in their functionality as they hold a pre-formed set of visuals to represent the visual data in a set game. This type of display was also limited to smaller screens and simple games. Vector and raster graphics were also commonly used in 1980s video games. Vector graphics used the x, y coordinate system with games and raster graphics provided pixels with a limited spectrum of colours to display the visuals. These technologies allowed the visuals in narrative games during the 1980s to be displayed as two-dimensional pixelated objects and in a restricted range of colours.
Improving planning by integrating spatial data into decision support systems
Published in Journal of Decision Systems, 2019
Tim Schröder, Jutta Geldermann
Spatial data comes in two general formats: vector graphics and raster graphics. The vector graphics format contains three different feature classes: points, lines, and polygons. Points are defined by a pair of coordinates that represent a unique, spatially-referenced location having no extent. Points can be used to depict the location of cities, for example, or connected together into a line to depict roads, rivers, and borders. Lines have length as an attribute. Lines that form a closed loop constitute a polygon, which, in addition to the length attribute (circumference), also has a surface area. Polygons can be used to depict political units, such as districts or countries, or types of land cover, such as, forests or lakes. Each point, line, and polygon is called a feature. Figure 1 contains an exemplary geographic view with four polygons and the corresponding table view with stored attributes for each polygon.
Development of a bridge maintenance system for prestressed concrete bridges using 3D digital twin model
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2019
Chang-Su Shim, Ngoc-Son Dang, Sokanya Lon, Chi-Ho Jeon
Since image processing is performed and results are obtained in a digital image format, it is possible to apply the image tracing conversion (the so-called raster-to-vector conversion or vectorisation). Basically, an algorithm required for converting a two-dimensional image into its two-dimensional vector representation is applied. An image in a raster graphics environment (bitmap index) is just a collection of pixels, but when mapping to vector graphics, the pixels’ coordinates can be represented by a square-grid coordinate system. Depending on the different R-G-B values of each pixel, points are generated based on that grid itself. The boundary line for the entire mapped points hereafter forms the shape of the crack.