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The Origins of Damage and Loss
Published in Derek Viner, Occupational Risk Control, 2016
The potential for damage depends on the intensity with which the energy is able to impinge on the Asset (person, environment, animal, object of value). Intensity is defined in physics as the amount of energy passing through a unit area. Its units are joules per square metre (J/m2). Because the surface area through which energy from a source can pass is larger further from the source, the intensity diminishes with distance. Energy (heat) radiating from a room heater is more intense on the hand held close to it than away from it for this very reason. The skin has the ability to withstand a certain intensity of heat without suffering a burn. We can call this energy intensity the damage threshold. If the intensity is less than this damage threshold our experience of the heater will go from discomfort to pleasure as the intensity reduces.
Nonspeech Auditory and Crossmodal Output
Published in Julie A. Jacko, The Human–Computer Interaction Handbook, 2012
Loudness is the perceived intensity of a sound. Loudness (1) is related to intensity (I) according to the Power Law: L = k I0.3 (Gelfand 1981). Therefore, a 10-dB increase in intensity doubles the perceived loudness of a sound. Loudness is again affected by the other parameters of sound. For example, sounds of between 1 and 5 kHz sound louder at the same intensity level than those outside that frequency range. Humans can perceive a very wide range of intensities: the most intense sound that a listener can hear is 120 dB louder than the quietest. This equates to a ratio of 1,000,000,000,000:1 (Moore 2003). Buxton, Gaver, and Bly (1991) also report that listeners are “very bad at making absolute judgments about loudness” and “our ability to make relative judgments of loudness are limited to a scale of about three different levels.” It is also a primary cause of annoyance (see Section 10.2) so should be used sparingly by auditory interface designers.
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Published in Chunlei Guo, Subhash Chandra Singh, Handbook of Laser Technology and Applications, 2021
For a plane electromagnetic wave, we can introduce the concept of intensity, which has units of W m−2. The intensity is the average amount of energy per second transported across a unit area in the direction of travel of the wave. The spectral distribution of intensity, I (v), is related to the total intensity, I0, by I(ν)=I0g(ν0,ν).
In-place analysis for pile structural response of fixed jacket offshore platform
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2021
Shehata E. Abdel Raheem, Elsayed M. Abdel Aal, Aly G. A. AbdelShafy, Mohamed F. M. Fahmy, Mohmoud H. Mansour
Wave storms are usually defined as events of significant wave height, exceeding a predefined threshold with a minimum duration. The duration of the storm starts when wave height exceeds the threshold and ends when Hs goes below it. A sea storm is a sequence of sea states, in which the significant wave height exceeds a fixed threshold, whose value depends on the considered location. The storms could be defined as high intensity events of significant wave height time series above a given level (Mathiesen 1994; Bernardino et al. 2020). The intensity of a wave is defined as the ratio of the average power to the area perpendicular to the direction of energy flow that the energy passes through. Orthogonal and diagonal wave directions are analysed for the in-place condition. The water particle velocities and accelerations for the design waves are computed using a suitable wave theory; the SACS calculates drag and inertia forces on individual members using Morison's equation. The wind loads on the topside facilities are computed externally considering the wind speed, shape of the structure, solidity ratio and its elevation with respect to the MSL. The wind speed is classified as gusts that average less than 1 min, and sustained wind speeds that average 1 min or longer. The procedure adopted for force calculation is in conformance with API-RP-2A specification.
Hybrid approach for congestion management using optimal placement of distributed generator
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2018
It is a marvellous sight in the summer season in moderate temperature regions when sky is filled with the fireflies’ light. Short and rhythmic flashes are produced by most of firefly species (approximately 2000). Most of times, the flashes pattern seen is unique for specific species. The pattern which attracts both the males and females to each other is made by rhythm of flashes, flashing rate and time for which flashes are seen together. Male of a species belonging to an individual pattern are responded by females of same species. As per the inverse square law, light intensity I at a certain distance r from source of light decreases as distance r increases in terms of. Also with the increasing distance, light absorbing air becomes weaker. So with these two factors, most of the fireflies visible in the limited distance (few hundred metres) at night communicate with each other (Pal Saibal, Rai, and Singh Amrit 2012).
Zero-width resonances in the context of Fano's configuration interaction formalism
Published in Molecular Physics, 2019
We consider our model as a simulation of the laser-induced photodissociation of a diatomic molecule. The harmonic potential accommodates the vibrational levels n of the ground electronic state. The zero-point energy is 500 cm−1. The linear potential results from a field dressing of an excited electronic state. The radiative coupling is the product of a transition dipole taken as 1 Debye times the laser electric field amplitude. The intensity is measured as the square of this amplitude.