China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Fundamentals of Energy and Energy Scenario
Published in Anil Kumar, Om Prakash, Prashant Singh Chauhan, Samsher, Energy Management, 2020
Anil Kumar, Om Prakash, Prashant Singh Chauhan, Samsher
All the moving objects have kinetic energy in them. It is the energy, which is possessed by any object due to motion. It is of various types.Radiant Energy: Radiation is electromagnetic energy, which includes visible light, X-rays, gamma rays, and radio waves.Thermal Energy: Demand of conventional energy sources can be reduced by the utilization of thermal energy storage (TES) for a couple of reasons. Firstly, they can help create a balance between the supply of energy and the demand in power by generating electricity from renewable energy sources. Secondly, the final energy consumption can be reduced by the utilization of waste heat in industrial process.Sound: It is the movement of energy through substances in longitudinal (compression/rarefaction) waves.Electrical Energy: Electrical energy is the energy carried by the movement of electrons in an electrical conductor. It is relatively easy to transmit and use, and thus it is a highly useful form of energy. It is generated, when the electrons are allowed to move on a particular path in any conducting substance like a wire.
Q
Published in Carl W. Hall, Laws and Models, 2018
Keywords: assertions, Fermat, Gauss, odd primes, proofs GAUSS, Johann Karl Friedrich, 1777-1855, German mathematician FERMAT, Pierre de, 1601-1665, French mathematician Sources: Meyers, R. A. 1987; Morris, C. G. 1992; NYPL Desk Ref. See also GAUSS; FERMAT QUANTUM ENERGY LAW--SEE DUANE-HUNT QUANTUM LAW OR THEORY (1900) Radiant energy, such as light, is a continuous stream of tiny packets of energy called quanta or quantum. The energy in a quantum is the frequency of radiation, , times a universal constant, h, known as Planck's constant. The Planck formula applies to all forms of radiant energy, including ultraviolet light, X-rays, radio waves, microwaves, etc. Forms of radiant energy with high frequencies have higher energy than those with lower frequencies, E=h where E = energy h = Planck's constant = frequency Keywords: energy, frequency, Planck, radiant PLANCK, Max, Earl Ernst Ludwig,1858-1947, German physicist; Nobel prize, 1918, physics Sources: Parker, S. P. 1989; Speck, G. E. 1965; Uvarov, E. B. et al. 1964. See also BOSE-EINSTEIN; COMPTON; EXCLUSION; HERTZ; PHOTOELECTRIC; PLANCK; THOMSON
Fundamental Concepts
Published in William S. Janna, Engineering Heat Transfer, 2018
Radiant energy is characterized by electromagnetic waves that travel at the speed of light. According to wave theory, radiation can be thought of as many waves, all oscillating at different wavelengths and frequencies. The preceding radiative properties (including emissivity) are, in general, functions of wavelength. Properties that describe surface behavior as a function of wavelength are called monochromatic or spectral properties. In addition, radiative properties can be a function of direction, specifically in reference to the direction at which radiation is incident on the surface. Such properties are referred to as directional properties. In an analysis of radiation heat transfer, accounting for the exact behavior of a surface can be complex enough to make a solution elusive. Moreover, the properties may not all be known. A simplified approach must therefore be formulated. This often involves the use of radiative properties that are averages over all wavelengths and all directions. These properties are called total and hemispherical properties. The use of total properties is accurate enough in a majority of cases for engineering work. Measurement of radiation properties is beyond the scope of what we wish to cover. The interested reader can refer to any good text on engineering measurements.
A simple method for obtaining artificial 3D forms of 2D mammograms in diagnosis of breast cancer
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2023
Computerized tomography and X-rays are used for the diagnosis of diseases in medical images. X-rays are electromagnetic rays and follow the rules of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation carries radiant energy through space with waves and photons, such as radio waves, visible light, or microwaves [31]. The main reason why X-rays are used in medical imaging is their ability to pass through tissue. The fluorescence and photographic properties allow the image to be obtained. Since the human body consists of tissues of different atomic weights and different thicknesses and densities, the absorption of X-rays will also be different. As a result of different absorption and penetration, X-rays falling on the x-ray film (roentgenogram) at different rates form an image of the body part they pass through. This image consists of gray tones ranging from black to white [32]. This information was our starting point in this study. Accordingly, the main question is: Is it possible to better visualize the change in textures of an image by looking at it from different viewpoints, and can these images provide us with more information?
Automatically inferring technology compatibility with an ontology and graph rewriting rules
Published in Journal of Engineering Design, 2021
Regarding the presented ontology, we should emphasise that the categorisation under BFO (see Table 1) is debatable. For example, some or all fluids may not be regarded BFO objects, because they should be maximally causally unified. However, why would a solid piece of material be considered an object, while a gaseous portion of material is not? An atmosphere is a causally unified portion of gas molecules, so could be considered an object. We reason this is true for any (portion of) gas, and, by extension, for any fluid. The classification of energy as an independent continuant may also excite opposition. It is indeed common to regard energy as a dependent continuant, as it is usually described as a quantitative property of an object. However, due to the mass–energy equivalence, we argue energy should be treated on an equal level as matter. Considering, for example, radiant energy, it can either be described as the energy carried by photons, or as an electromagnetic wave that oscillates electric and magnetic fields. The views are equivalent, according to the wave–particle duality. This again suggests that energy and matter should be treated equivalently. Nonetheless, these classifications are not concrete and more work from the community is required to assert or reject them.
Sustainable design for airport terminals, by integrated photovoltaic (PV) system (adopting bench-marking approach)
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2019
Erfan Riahi Dehkordi, Alireza Karimi, Reza Karimi, Mahtab Aslan Beygi
Generally, combined systems convert radiant energy to electricity and heat. In these systems, the heat caused by cells activation will be saved and transmitted through the air or liquid fluid that is typically water. With the usage of the fuzzy material, it is possible to boost the capacity, absorption and heat-transfer in the system. This type of system is about 10% less efficient than the typical PV system because the heat in the cells will be increased and reduced efficiency (Hastings and Wall 2011). But by integrated design and recycling of waste heat energy, can increase the efficiency and reduce the dependence on fossil energy to achieve to sustainability; for example, by putting a water heater next to the PV system, conducting the waste heat energy indoors or making a long-term heat reservoirs.