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Hard physical work
Published in Karl H.E. Kroemer, Fitting the Human, 2017
Energy content The kilojoule (1 kJ = 1000 J) and the kilocalorie (1 Cal = of food and drink 1 kcal = 1000 cal) commonly serve as measures of the energy content of food and drink. Their nutritionally usable energy contents per gram are, on average Alcohol: 30 kJ (7 Cal)Carbohydrate: 18 kJ (4.2 Cal)Protein: 19 kJ (4.5 Cal)Fat: 40 kJ (9.5 Cal)
Target Design for XFEL Experiments
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2023
A. Strickland, P. Hakel, N. M. Hoffman, S. H. Batha
The Materials in Extreme Conditions end station (MEC)[1] at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) provides a new capability to perform fundamental plasma physics experiments. The MEC combines an ultraprecise X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) beam with a long-pulse, energetic laser to form a plasma. In addition, a short-pulse, high-intensity laser is also available. The MEC received “Critical Decision 1” from the U.S. Department of Energy in 2021 to design a large upgrade of the MEC’s capabilities that will have a kilojoule-class long-pulse laser and a petawatt-class short-pulse laser. This upgrade is planned to be complete before the end of the decade and will greatly expand the range of plasma physics that may be performed. The National Nuclear Security Administration is also investing in the MEC with a planned upgrade that will potentially include a larger laser and pulsed-power capabilities. The potential for groundbreaking fundamental plasma physics research is high.
Comparative study of outdoor airflow requirement and distribution in multi-zone VAV system with different control strategies
Published in Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2020
Tianyi Zhao, Jiaming Wang, Chao Liu, Pengmin Hua, Ying Zhou, Yu Zhao
Because the units of these two types of energy are different, for a better comparison of energy consumption different control strategies, we convert the energy units into a unified unit, the kilojoule (IEA. 2016). Table 9 lists the analysis results of the energy consumption of the VAV system under different control strategies. Three categories of energy consumption are defined in this work, where the cooling capacity (or heating capacity) provided by the cooling coil is sorted into energy consumptions in the return air and those in the outdoor air.
Running economy and effort after cycling: Effect of methodological choices
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2020
Chantelle du Plessis, Anthony J. Blazevich, Chris Abbiss, Jodie Cochrane Wilkie
Running economy was calculated during both preRUN and postRUN. A physiological steady-state was required to ensure the validity of the calculation of running economy where V̇O2 is truly representative of the energy expenditure (Hausswirth et al., 2010; Saunders et al., 2004b). A 10-min run at a constant velocity was imposed in order to ensure that a physiological steady-state level of V̇O2 was achieved (Saunders et al., 2004a). The physiological steady-state was defined as the 2-min period between 4 and 10 min with an increase of less than 100 mL V̇O2, RER < 1.0 to assume a negligible anaerobic contribution to energy expenditure, and the period with the lowest V̇O2 standard deviation (Fletcher et al., 2009; McArdle et al., 2010; Shaw et al., 2014). Running economy was calculated for both preRUN and postRUN in three ways: 1) as the average V̇O2 over the 2-min steady-state period and the participant’s body mass (BM): V̇O2 (mL∙kg−1∙min−1) = V̇O2 (mL min−1) ÷ BM (kg); 2) as the oxygen cost (EO2) using the average V̇O2 (mL∙kg−1∙min−1) over the 2-min steady-state period, and the running speed (m∙min−1): EO2 (mL∙kg−1∙m−1) = V̇O2 (mL∙kg−1∙min−1) × speed (m∙min−1) and 3) as the energy cost expressed as aerobic energy cost (Eaer), using the average V̇O2 (L∙min−1) over the 2-min steady-state period, the kilojoule equivalent of the V̇O2 (kJ∙L−1 O2, with a calorie-to-kilojoule conversion factor of 4184) determined by the RER using non-protein respiratory quotient tables (McArdle et al., 2010), and the running velocity (m∙min−1) normalized to the participant’s body mass (Fletcher et al., 2009): Eaer (J∙kg−1∙m−1) = V̇O2 (L∙min−1) × caloric equivalent (kCal∙L−1) ÷ BM (kg) ÷ speed (m∙min−1).